{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:42:01Z","timestamp":1791067321831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic disease, either genetic or acquired, may prevent or decrease the severity of another disease. These observations have led to important therapeutic advances. The best-known examples are Edward Jenner's use in 1798 of cowpox to prevent smallpox and J.B. Haldane's 1942 observation that erythrocyte disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease modify the severity of malaria. Patients with and carriers of cystic fibrosis may have genetic resistance to tuberculosis and\/or secretory diarrhea. The beneficial effects of undernutrition have led to therapeutic diets for seizures, celiac disease, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Finasteride for prostatic hypertrophy was developed after the observation that patients with male pseudohermaphrodism resulting from 5-\u03b1-reductase mutations do not develop prostatic hypertrophy. Rh immunoglobulin for Rh hemolytic disease prevention followed the observation that ABO incompatibility prevented Rh sensitization. The natural immunosuppression of measles may cause remission of nephrosis, and that of leprosy prevents psoriasis. Patients with one form of agammaglobulinemia (X-linked) never get Epstein-Barr virus infection, and patients with another form (common variable) are seemingly cured by HIV infection. HIV\/AIDS is prevented or modified by co-receptor mutations (notably the CCR\u039432 chemokine mutation), HIV-2, or GB virus C infection. Additional exploration of these genetic, infectious, and metabolic influences on disease severity may provide new therapeutic approaches to HIV and other diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,5]],"date-time":"2006-01-05T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1136428114000},"page":"184-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Disease Versus Disease: How One Disease May Ameliorate Another"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"E. Richard","family":"Stiehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120819441224300_R1","unstructured":"Jenner E. An Enquiry Into the Causes and Effect of the Variolae Vaccinae. London, United Kingdom: Sampson-Low; 1778"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R2","unstructured":"Henderson DA, Moss B. Smallpox and vaccinia. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, eds. Vaccines. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1999:74\u201395"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haldane JBS. The rate of mutation of human genes. Hereditas.\u20081948;35(suppl):267\u2013273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1949.tb03339.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weatherall DJ. Thalassaemia and malaria, revisited. Ann Trop Med Parasitol.\u20081997;91:885\u2013890","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813215"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luzzatto L. Genetics of red cells and susceptibility to malaria. Blood.\u20081997;54:961\u2013976","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V54.5.961.961"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagel RL, Roth EF Jr. Malaria and red cell genetic defects. Blood.\u20081989;74:1213\u20131221","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.4.1213.bloodjournal7441213"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lell B, May J, Schmidt-Ott RJ, et al. The role of red blood cell polymorphisms in resistance and susceptibility to malaria. Clin Infect Dis.\u20081999;28:794\u2013799","DOI":"10.1086\/515193"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meindl RS. Hypothesis: a selective advantage for cystic fibrosis heterozygotes. Am J Phys Anthropol.\u20081987;74:39\u201345","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330740104"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R9","unstructured":"Crawford MDA. A genetic study, including evidence for heterosis, of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Heredity.\u20081972;29:126"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R10","unstructured":"Wood RE, Boat TF, Doershuk CR. Cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis.\u20081976;113:833\u2013878"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R11","unstructured":"O'Brien RJ, Geiter LJ, Snider DE Jr. The epidemiology on nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States: results from a national survey. Am Rev Respir Dis.\u20081987;135:1007\u20131014"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boxerbaum B. Isolation of rapidly growing mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr.\u20081980;96:689\u2013691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80743-8"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith MJ, Efthimiou J, Hodson ME, Batten JC. Mycobacterial isolations in young adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax.\u20081984;39:369\u2013375","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.39.5.369"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebert DL, Olivier KN. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am.\u20082002;16:221\u2013233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00053-9"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R15","unstructured":"Quinton PM. Abnormalities in electrolyte secretion in cystic fibrosis sweat glands due to decreased anion permeability. In: Quinton PM, Martinez JR, Hopfer U, eds. Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities in Exocrine Glands in Cystic Fibrosis. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Press; 1983:51\u201374"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma T, Thiagarajah JR, Yang H, et al. Thiazolidinone CFTR inhibitor identified by high-throughput screening blocks cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion. J Clin Invest.\u20082002;110:1651\u20131658","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216112"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiagarajah JR, Broadbent T, Hseih E, Verkman AS. Prevention of toxin-induced intestinal ion and fluid secretion by a small-molecule CFTR inhibitor. Gastroenterology.\u20082004;126:511\u2013519","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.005"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens JC, Reich DE, Goldstein DB, et al. Dating the origin of the CCR5-delta32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet.\u20081998;62:1507\u20131515","DOI":"10.1086\/301867"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faulkner GC, Burrows SR, Khanna R, Moss DJ, Bird AG, Crawford DH. X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients are not infected with Epstein-Barr virus: implications for the biology of the virus. J Virol.\u20081999;73:1555\u20131564","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1555-1564.1999"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratama JW, Oosterveer MAP, Zwann FE, Lepoutre J, Klein G, Ernberg I. Eradication of Epstein-Barr virus by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: implications for sites of viral latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20081998;85:8693\u20138696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.22.8693"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Esser JW, Niesters HG, Van der Holt B, et al. Prevention of Epstein-Barr virus-lymphoproliferative disease by molecular monitoring and preemptive rituximab in high-risk patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood.\u20082002;99:4364\u20134369","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.12.4364"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganne V, Siddiqi N, Kamaplath B, et al. Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) treatment for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin Transplant.\u20082003;17:417\u2013422","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0012.2003.00054.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young NS, Brown KE. Parvovirus B19. N Engl J Med.\u20082004;350:586\u2013597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown KE, Hibbs JR, Gallinella G, et al. Resistance to Parvovirus B19 infection due to lack of virus receptor (erythrocyte P antigen). N Engl J Med.\u20081994;330:1192\u20131196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404283301704"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bray RS. The susceptibility of Liberians to the Madagascar strain of Plasmodium vivax. J Parasitol.\u20081958;44:371\u2013373","DOI":"10.2307\/3274317"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer HC, Miller LH, Collins WE, et al. The Duffy blood group and resistance to Plasmodium vivax in Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg.\u20081978;27:664\u2013670","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.664"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller LH, Mason SJ, Dvorak JA, McGinniss MH, Rothman IK. Erythrocyte receptors for (Plasmodium knowlesi) malaria: Duffy blood group determinants. Science.\u20081975;189:561\u2013563","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145213"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole-Tobian JL, Cortes A, Baisor M, et al. Age-acquired immunity to a Plasmodium vivax invasion ligand, the Duffy binding protein. J Infect Dis.\u20082002;186:531\u2013539","DOI":"10.1086\/341776"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamblin MT, Di Rienzo A. Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: evidence from the Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet.\u20082000;66:1669\u20131679","DOI":"10.1086\/302879"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R30","unstructured":"Lin-Fu JS. Prevention of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Due to Rh Immunization. Rockville, MD: Public Health Services; 1975:1\u201320. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication No. 75 5125"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for Rhesus blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.\u20081940;43:223","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-43-11151"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine P, Burnham L, Katzin EM, Vogel P. The role of isoimmunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081941;42:925\u2013937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(41)90260-0"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine P. Serological factors as possible causes in spontaneous abortions. Heredity.\u20081943;34:71\u201380","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105249"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascari WQ, Levine P, Pollack W. Incidence of maternal Rh immunization by ABO compatible and incompatible pregnancies. Br Med J.\u20081969;1(641):399\u2013401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5641.399"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finn R, Clarke CA, Donohoe WTA, et al. Experimental studies on the prevention of Rh haemolytic disease. Br Med J.\u20081961;5238:1486\u20131490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5238.1486"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R36","unstructured":"Freda VJ, Gorman JG. Antepartum management of Rh hemolytic disease. Bull Sloane Hosp Women Columbia Presbyt Med.\u20081962;8:147\u2013155"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freda VJ, Gorman JG, Pollack W. Prevention of Rh-hemolytic disease with Rh-immune globulin. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081977;128:456\u2013460","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90567-1"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandler SG. Intravenous Rh immune globulin for treating immune thrombocytopenic purpura [published correction appears in Curr Opin Hematol. 2002;9:179]. Curr Opin Hematol.\u20082001;8:417\u2013420","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200111000-00017"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh PC, Madden JD, Harrod MJ, Goldstein JL, MacDonald PC, Wilson JD. Familial incomplete male pseudohermaphrodism type 2: decreased dihydrotestosterone formation in pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias. N Engl J Med.\u20081974;291:944\u2013949","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410312911806"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imperato-McGinley J, Guerrero I, Gautier T, Peterson RE. Steroid 5\u03b1-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science.\u20081974;186:1213\u20131215","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4170.1213"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendonca BB, Inacio M, Costa EMF, et al. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5\u03b1-reductase 2 deficiency: diagnosis, psychological evaluation and management. Medicine (Baltimore).\u20081996;75:64\u201376","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199603000-00003"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoner E. The clinical development of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.\u20081990;37:375\u2013378","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(90)90487-6"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rittmaster RS. Finasteride. N Engl J Med.\u20081994;330:120\u2013125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401133300208"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med.\u20082003;349:215\u2013224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030660"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libecco JF, Bergfeld WF. Finasteride in the treatment of alopecia. Expert Opin Pharmacother.\u20082004;5:933\u2013940","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.4.933"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayram F, Muderris I, Guven M, Ozcelik B, Kelestimur F. Low-dose (2.5 mg\/day) finasteride treatment in hirsutism. Gynecol Endocrinol.\u20082003;17:419\u2013422","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590312331290328"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumberg RW, Cassady HA. Effect of measles on the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Dis Child.\u20081947;73:151\u2013166","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1947.02020370015003"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R48","unstructured":"Janeway CA, Hutchins Moll G, Armstron SH Jr, Wallace WM, Hallman N, Barness LA. Diuresis in children with nephrosis: comparison of response to injection of normal human serum albumin and to infection, particularly measles. Trans Assoc Am Physicians.\u20081948;61:108\u2013111"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin C-Y, Hsu H-C. Histopathological and immunological studies in spontaneous remission of nephrotic syndrome after intercurrent measles infection. Nephron.\u20081986;42:110\u2013115","DOI":"10.1159\/000183647"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starr S, Berkovich S. Effects of measles, gamma-globulin-modified measles and vaccine measles on the tuberculin test. N Engl J Med.\u20081964;270:386\u2013391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196402202700802"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R51","unstructured":"Flick JA. Does measles really predispose to tuberculosis?Am Rev Respir Dis.\u20081976;114:257\u2013265"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manfredi R, Coronado OV, Mastroianni A, Chiodo F. Concurrent infectious mononucleosis and measles: a potentially life-threatening association sharing underlying immunodeficiency. Pediatr Infect Dis J.\u20082003;22:470\u2013471","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000066873.64509.51"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fost NC, Esterly NB. Successful treatment of juvenile hemangiomas with prednisone. J Pediatr.\u20081968;72:351\u2013357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(68)80208-2"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R54","unstructured":"Nagabhushanam P. Case report of psoriasis with rheumatoid arthritis with polyneuritic leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.\u20081969;35:97\u201398"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugathan P, Riyaz N. First report of leprosy and psoriasis occurring together. Int J Dermatol.\u20081990;29:531\u2013532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1990.tb04855.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar B, Raychaudhuri SP, Vossough S, Farber EM. The rare coexistence of leprosy and psoriasis. Int J Dermatol.\u20081992;31:551\u2013554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb02716.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dogra S, Kaur I, Kumar B. Leprosy and psoriasis: an enigmatic relationship. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis.\u20082003;71:341\u2013344","DOI":"10.1489\/1544-581X(2003)071<0341:LAPAER>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Berge-Henegouwen GP, Mulder CJJ. Pioneer in the gluten free diet: Willem-Karel Dicke 1905\u20131962, over 50 years of gluten free diet. Gut.\u20081993;34:1473\u20131475","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.11.1473"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R59","unstructured":"Dicke WK. Coeliac Disease: Investigation of the Harmful Effects of Certain Types of Cereal on Patients With Coeliac Disease [thesis; in Dutch]. Utrecht, Netherlands: University of Utrecht; 1950"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicke WK, Weijers HA, van de Kamer JH. Coeliac disease II. The presence in wheat of a factor having a deleterious effect in cases of coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr.\u20081953;42:34\u201342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1953.tb05563.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R61","unstructured":"Guelpa G, Marie A. La lutte contre l'epilesie par la desintoxication et par la reeducation alimentaire. Rev Ther Med Chir.\u20081911;78:8\u201313"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R62","unstructured":"Wilder RM. The effect of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy. Mayo Clinic Bull.\u20081921;2:307"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterman MG. The ketogenic diet in epilepsy. JAMA.\u20081925;84:1979\u20131983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1925.02660520007003"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swink TC, Vining EPG, Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet: 1997. Adv Pediatr.\u20081997;44:297\u2013329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(24)00055-0"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huttenlocher PR, Wilbourn AJ, Signore JM. Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. Neurology.\u20081971;21:1097\u20131103","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.11.1097"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kossoff EH, Krauss GL, McGrogan JR, Freeman JM. Efficacy of the Atkins diet as therapy for intractable epilepsy. Neurology.\u20082003;61:1789\u20131791","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000098889.35155.72"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heilbronn LK, Ravussin E. Calorie restriction and aging: review of the literature and implications for studies in humans. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20082003;78:361\u2013369","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.361"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willi SM, Martin K, Datko FM, Brant BP. Treatment of type 2 diabetes in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet. Diabetes Care.\u20082004;27:348\u2013353","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.348"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lentine K, Wrone EM. New insights into protein intake and progression of renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens.\u20082004;13:333\u2013336","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200405000-00011"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell RI. Review article: dietary and nutritional management of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.\u20081991;5:211\u2013226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00023.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder H, Dineses B, Astrup A. The effect of a rapid weight loss on lipid profile and glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.\u20082004;28:180\u2013182","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802529"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright JJ, Birx DL, Wagner DK, Waldmann TA, Blaese RM, Fleisher TA. Normalization of antibody responsiveness in a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and HIV infection. N Engl J Med.\u20081987;317:1518\u20131520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712103172406"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morell A, Barandun S, Locher G. HTLV-III seroconversion in a homosexual patient with common variable immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med.\u20081986;315:456\u2013457","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608143150713"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R74","unstructured":"Webster AD, Lever A, Spickett G, Beattle R, North M, Thorpe R. Recovery of antibody production after HIV in \u201ccommon\u201d variable hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Exp Immunol.\u20081989;77:309\u2013313"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolles S, Tyrer M, Johnson M, Webster D. Long term recovery of IgG and IgM production during HIV infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). J Clin Pathol.\u20082001;54:713\u2013715","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.9.713"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell.\u20081966;86:367\u2013377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80110-5"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott DH, Zimmerman PA, Guignard F, Kleeberger CA, Leitman SF, Murphy PM. CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet.\u20081998;352:866\u2013870","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04158-0"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasi KJ, Sabin CA, Jenkins PV, Devereux HL, Ononye C, Lee CA. The effects of the 32-bp CCR-5 deletion on HIV transmission and HIV disease progression in individuals with haemophilia. Br J Haematol.\u20082000;111:136\u2013142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2000.02325.x"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Travers K, Mboup S, Marlink R, et al. Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2 [published correction appears in Science. 1995;268:1833]. Science.\u20081995;268:1612\u20131615","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7539936"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R80","unstructured":"Travers KU, Eisen RG, Marlink RG, et al. Protection from HIV-1 infection by HIV-2. AIDS.\u20081998;12:224\u2013225"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokkotou EG, Sankale J-L, Mani I, et al. In vitro correlates of HIV-2-mediated HIV-1 protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20082000;97:6797\u20136802","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6797"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shea A, Sarr DA, Jones N, et al. CCR5 receptor expression is down-regulated in HIV type 2 infection: implication for viral control and protection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses.\u20082004;20:630\u2013635","DOI":"10.1089\/0889222041217383"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stapleton JT. GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus. Semin Liver Dis.\u20082003;23:137\u2013148","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39943"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggi F, Tempestini E, Lanini L, et al. Blood levels of TT virus following immune stimulation with influenza or hepatitis B vaccine. J Med Virol.\u20082005;75:358\u2013365","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20278"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchbinder S, Vittinghoff E. HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors: epidemiology, mechanisms of delayed progression, and clinical and research implications. Microbes Infect.\u20081999;1:1113\u20131120","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)00204-X"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heringlake S, Ockenga J, Tillmann HL, et al. GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus infection: a favorable prognostic factor in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients?J Infect Dis.\u20081998;177:1723\u20131726","DOI":"10.1086\/517431"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Hayakawa T, Takamatsu J, Saito H. Effect of GB virus coinfection on the course of HIV infection in hemophilia patients in Japan. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol.\u20081998;17:209\u2013213","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199803010-00004"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefrere JJ, Roudot-Thoraval F, Morand-Joubert L, et al. Carriage of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus RNA is associated with a slower immunologic, virologic and clinical progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease in coinfected persons. J Infect Dis.\u20081999;179:783\u2013789","DOI":"10.1086\/314671"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillmann HL, Heiken H, Knapik-Botor A, et al. Infection with GB virus C and reduced mortality among HIV-infection patients. N Engl J Med.\u20082001;345:715\u2013724","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010398"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams CR. Klinzman D, Yamashita TE, et al. Persistent GB virus C infection and survival in HIV-infected men. N Engl J Med.\u20082004;350:981\u2013990","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030107"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollinger RC, Gupta A. GB virus type C: A virus in search of a disease or a role in HIV therapy. Clin Infect Dis.\u20082004;38:410\u2013411","DOI":"10.1086\/381102"},{"key":"2021120819441224300_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomerantz RJ, Nunnari G. HIV and GB virus: can two viruses be better than one?N Engl J Med.\u20082004;350:963\u2013965","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048004"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/117\/1\/184\/1010281\/zpe00106000184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/117\/1\/184\/1010281\/zpe00106000184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T02:37:47Z","timestamp":1706841467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/117\/1\/184\/67956\/Disease-Versus-Disease-How-One-Disease-May"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-2773","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]}}}