{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T21:31:30Z","timestamp":1791754290626,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. In preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), circulating neutrophils are activated. Kinetics and effects of surfactant therapy on this activation are unknown. Therefore, we studied activation of circulating neutrophils and monocytes in newborn preterm infants with and without RDS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PATIENTS AND METHODS. Preterm infants with RDS who were mechanically ventilated and received surfactant (\u201cventilated infants\u201d: n = 38; mean gestational age \u00b1 SD: 28.3 \u00b1 2.2 weeks; mean birth weight \u00b1 SD: 1086 \u00b1 353 g) and preterm infants who received nasal continuous positive airway pressure (n = 8) or no ventilatory support (n = 17) (\u201ccontrol infants\u201d: mean gestational age \u00b1 SD: 32.1 \u00b1 1.2 weeks; mean birth weight \u00b1 SD: 1787 \u00b1 457 g) were recruited. Blood samples were taken from ventilated infants at birth, before surfactant treatment, at 1 and 2 hours after surfactant, and at 12 to 24 hours of age. Blood samples were taken from control infants at birth, at 2 to 6 hours, and at 12 to 24 hours of age. Phagocyte CD11b expression was analyzed by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. In ventilated infants, phagocyte CD11b expression increased from birth to the first postnatal samples. It increased further by 12 to 24 hours of age. Control infants with or without nasal continuous positive airway pressure showed no significant increase after birth. At 12 to 24 hours of age, phagocyte CD11b expression was higher in ventilated infants than in control infants. In ventilated infants, neutrophil CD11b expression at 1 and 2 hours after surfactant correlated positively with gestational age.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. In preterm infants with RDS, significant activation of circulating phagocytes occurs within 1 to 3 hours of the onset of mechanical ventilation, independent of surfactant administration, which indicates that mechanical ventilation may be the inducer of this systemic inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T19:21:17Z","timestamp":1138821677000},"page":"448-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Onset of Mechanical Ventilation Is Associated With Rapid Activation of Circulating Phagocytes in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Riikka","family":"Turunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irmeli","family":"Nupponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Siitonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Repo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sture","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820075634900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrit TA, Stuard ID, Puccia J, et al. 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