{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:54:41Z","timestamp":1789167281121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco dependence, responsible for \u223c4 million annual deaths worldwide, is considered to be a \u201cpediatric disease.\u201d The smoking epidemic is spreading rapidly in developing countries. Factors contributing to youth smoking in developing countries include cultural traditions, tobacco's easy accessibility and moderate pricing, peer and family influences, and tobacco companies' advertisements and promotional activities. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure is a substantial problem that causes increased rates of pneumonia, otitis media, asthma, and other short- and long-term pediatric conditions. Parental tobacco use results in children's deprivation of essential needs such as nutrition and education. In this article we review contemporary evidence with respect to the etiology of nicotine dependence among youth, the forms of youth tobacco products worldwide, global youth tobacco-control efforts to date, medical education efforts, and child health care clinicians' special role in youth tobacco-control strategies. In addition, we provide a review of currently available funding opportunities for development and implementation of youth tobacco-control programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T21:17:38Z","timestamp":1157145458000},"page":"e890-e903","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Youth Tobacco Use: A Global Perspective for Child Health Care Clinicians"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Prokhorov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Winickoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGH Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy, General Pediatrics Division, Mass General Hospital for Children"},{"name":"Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasjit S.","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Ossip-Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Tanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child Health Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry A.","family":"Lando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Moolchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teen Tobacco Addiction Treatment Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Muramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Community and Preventive Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Weitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child Health Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentya H.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Tobacco Consortium, American Academy of Pediatrics Center for Child Health Research","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822490303200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musk AW, de Klerk NH. History of tobacco and health. Respirology.\u20082003;8:286\u2013290","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00483.x"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha P, Ranson MK, Nguyen SN, Yach D. Estimates of global and regional smoking prevalence in 1995, by age and sex. Am J Public Health.\u20082002;92:1002\u20131006","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.6.1002"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makomaski I, Illing EM, Kaiserman MJ. Mortality attributable to tobacco use in Canada and its regions. Can J Public Health.\u20082004;95:38\u201344","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403632"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R4","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund. The State of the World's Children. New York, NY: United Nations Children's Fund; 2002"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Tobacco use among youth: a cross country comparison. Tob Control.\u20082002;11:252\u2013270","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.3.252"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R6","unstructured":"World Bank. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. 1999. Available at: www1.worldbank.org\/tobacco\/reports.asp. Accessed December 20, 2005"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R7","unstructured":"Tanski SE, Prokhorov AV, Klein JD. Youth and tobacco. Minerva Pediatr.\u20082004;56:553\u2013565"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R8","unstructured":"European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad). Glossary. 2004. Available at: www.eurodad.org\/glossary. Accessed October 5, 2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R9","unstructured":"Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C. Mortality From Smoking in Developed Countries 1950\u20132000. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 1994"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The tobacco atlas. 2003. Available at: www.who.int\/tobacco\/statistics\/tobacco_atlas\/en. Accessed September 30,2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winickoff JP, Berkowitz AB, Brooks K, et al. State-of-the-art interventions for office-based parental tobacco control. Pediatrics.\u20082005;115:750\u2013760","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1055"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efroymson D, Ahmed S, Townsend J, et al. Hungry for tobacco: an analysis of the economic impact of tobacco consumption on the poor in Bangladesh. Tob Control.\u20082001;10:212\u2013217","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.3.212"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R13","unstructured":"Warren CW, Riley L, Asma S, et al. Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project. Bull World Health Organ.\u20082000;78:868\u2013876"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokhorov AV, Pallonen UE, Fava JL, Ding L, Niaura R. Measuring nicotine dependence among high-risk adolescent smokers. Addict Behav.\u20081996;21:117\u2013127","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(96)00048-2"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokhorov AV, Hudmon KS, Stancic N. Adolescent smoking: epidemiology and approaches for achieving cessation. Paediatr Drugs.\u20082003;5(1):1\u201310","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-200305010-00001"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glover ED, Glover PN, Payne TJ. Treating nicotine dependence. Am J Med Sci.\u20082003;326:183\u2013186","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200310000-00006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R17","unstructured":"Kendel L, Chen L, Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Consumer information and tobacco use. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Rigotti NA, et al. Development of symptoms of tobacco dependence in youths: 30 month follow up data from the DANDY study. Tob Control.\u20082002;11:228\u2013235","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.3.228"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R19","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of The Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1994"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buttross LS, Kastner JW. A brief review of adolescents and tobacco: what we know and don't know. Am J Med Sci.\u20082003;326:235\u2013237","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200310000-00016"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyas SL, Pederson LL. Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature. Tob Control.\u20081998;7:409\u2013420","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.7.4.409"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitaro F, Wanner B, Brendgen M, Gosselin C, Gendreau PL. Differential contribution of parents and friends to smoking trajectories during adolescence. Addict Behav.\u20082004;29:831\u2013835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.018"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalton MA, Tickle JJ, Sargent JD, Beach ML, Ahrens MB, Heatherton TF. The incidence and context of tobacco use in popular movies from 1988 to 1997. Prev Med.\u20082002;34:516\u2013523","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2002.1013"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R24","unstructured":"Mediaworks S. \u201cBollywood\u201d: Victim or Ally? Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization and Tobacco Free Initiative; 2003"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escamilla G, Cradock AL, Kawachi I. Women and smoking in Hollywood movies: a content analysis. Am J Public Health.\u20082000;90:412\u2013414","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.3.412"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakefield MA, Chaloupka FJ, Kaufman NJ, Orleans CT, Barker DC, Ruel EE. Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study [published correction appears in BMJ. 2000;31:623.]. BMJ.\u20082000;321:333\u2013337","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7257.333"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuRant RH, Rome ES, Rich M, Allred E, Emans SJ, Woods ER. Tobacco and alcohol use behaviors portrayed in music videos: a content analysis. Am J Public Health.\u20081997;87:1131\u20131135","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.7.1131"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sone T. Tobacco-related scenes in television dramas for young Japanese audiences. Tob Control.\u20081999;8:350","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.8.3.350"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidwani PP, Sobol A, DeJong W, Perrin JM, Gortmaker SL. Television viewing and initiation of smoking among youth. Pediatrics.\u20082002;110:505\u2013508","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.3.505"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargent JD, DiFranza JR. Tobacco control for clinicians who treat adolescents [published correction appears in CA Cancer J Clin. 2003;53:316]. CA Cancer J Clin.\u20082003;53:102\u2013123","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.53.2.102"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilpin EA, Pierce JP. Concurrent use of tobacco products by California adolescents. Prev Med.\u20082003;36:575\u2013584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(02)00064-6"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarvis MJ, McNeill AD. Children's purchases of single cigarettes: evidence for drug pushing?Br J Addict.\u20081990;85:1317\u20131322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01608.x"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R33","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations International Drug Control Program, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. Substance Abuse in Southern Africa: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Opportunities for Intervention. Geneve, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003:38"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R34","unstructured":"Vaite JS, Efroymson D. In: Efroymson D, ed. Tobacco and Poverty: Observations From India and Bangladesh. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: PATH Canada; 2002"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yen KL, Hechavarria E, Bostwick SB. Bidi cigarettes: an emerging threat to adolescent health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082000;154:1187\u20131189","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.12.1187"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pakhale SS, Maru GB. Distribution of major and minor alkaloids in tobacco, mainstream and sidestream smoke of popular Indian smoking products. Food Chem Toxicol.\u20081998;36:1131\u20131138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00071-4"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson CH, Polzin GM, Calafat AM, Ashley DL. Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the smoke of bidi cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res.\u20082003;5:747\u2013753","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000158591"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R38","unstructured":"Rickert WS. Determination of Yields Of \u201cTar,\u201d Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide From Bidi Cigarettes: Final Report. Ontario, Canada: Lab Stat International, Inc; 1999"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanghvi LD. Cancer epidemiology: the Indian scene. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.\u20081981;99:1\u201314","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00412437"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani M, Bonu S, Jha P, Nguyen SN, Jamjoum L. Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey. Tob Control.\u20082003;12:e4","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.e4"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R41","unstructured":"Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization. Tobacco and youth in the south East Asian region. Indian J Cancer.\u20082002;39:1\u201333"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman M, Fukui T. Bidi smoking and health. Public Health.\u20082000;114:123\u2013127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(00)00320-6"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R43","unstructured":"Are clove cigarettes as a bad as regular cigarettes? 2003. Available at: www.goaskalice.columbia.edu\/2317.html. Accessed February 4, 2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R44","unstructured":"Schachter S. Nesbitt's paradox. In: Dunn WL Jr, ed. Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, DC: Winston & Sons Publishers; 1979:147\u2013155"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R45","unstructured":"Hanusz M. Indonesia clove cigarettes. 2000. Available at: www.indoneshop.com\/index.php?aux_page=auxkretek. Accessed June 25, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandela P. Nargile smoking keeps Arabs in Wonderland. Lancet.\u20082000;356:1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)72871-3"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R47","unstructured":"Sajid KM, Akhter M, Malik GQ. Carbon monoxide fractions in cigarette and hookah (Hubble bubble) smoke. J Pak Med Assoc.\u20081993;43:179\u2013182"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafagoj YA, Mohammed FI, Hadidi KA. Hubble-bubble (water pipe) smoking: levels of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva and urine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther.\u20082002;40:249\u2013255","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP40249"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCusker K, McNabb E, Bone R. Plasma nicotine levels in pipe smokers. JAMA.\u20081982;248:577\u2013578","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.248.5.577"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiter G, Ucan ES, Ceylan E, Kilinc O. Water-pipe smoking and pulmonary functions. Respir Med.\u20082000;94:891\u2013894","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2000.0859"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maziak W, Hammal F, Rastam S, et al. Characteristics of cigarette smoking and quitting among university students in Syria. Prev Med.\u20082004;39:330\u2013336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.01.024"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philpot SJ, Ryan SA, Torre LE, Wilcox HM, Jalleh G, Jamrozik K. Effect of smoke-free policies on the behavior of social smokers. Tob Control.\u20081999;8:278\u2013281","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.8.3.278"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R53","unstructured":"Oliver C. Iran seeks to extinguish hubble-bubble pipes. 2004. Available at: www.mapinc.org\/drugnews\/v04.n905.a01.html. Accessed June 25, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R54","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tobacco Free Initiative. 2004. Available at: www.who.int\/tobacco\/en. Accessed July 9, 2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R55","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Centre for Tobacco Prevention (Sweden). 3rd International Conference on Smokeless Tobacco. 2003. Available at: http:\/\/dccps.nci.nih.gov\/tcrb\/smokeless_conf.html. Accessed February 28, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta PC, Ray CS. Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia. Respirology.\u20082003;8:419\u2013431","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00507.x"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R57","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative. Strengthening national capacity for tobacco control. 2004. Available at: www.who.int\/tobacco\/areas\/training\/en. Accessed October 5, 2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R58","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative. Surveillance and monitoring. 2004. Available at: www.who.int\/tobacco\/surveillance\/en. Accessed October 5, 2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R59","unstructured":"Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a public health movement. 2004. Available at: www.fctc.org. Accessed December 20, 2005"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R60","unstructured":"Vijapurkar M. Ban on gutka, paan masala in Maharashtra. The Hindu. 2002. Available at: www.hinduonnet.com\/2002\/07\/18\/stories\/2002071800040800.htm. Accessed June 15, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R61","unstructured":"PTI. Ganesh mandals should avoid gutkha ads. The Mid-Day. 2003. Available at: www.mumbai-central.com\/grapevine\/msg01342.html#6. Accessed July 12, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R62","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; Government of India; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report on tobacco control in India. November 15, 2004. Available at http:\/\/repositories.cdlib.org\/tc\/whotcp\/India2004. Accessed June 27, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R63","unstructured":"Center for Communications, Health and the Environment. The international tobacco-control program. Available at: www.ceche.org\/programs\/tobacco\/tobacco2.htm. Accessed June 27, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R64","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Mission statement. 2004. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/mission.htm. Accessed June 27, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohida T, Sakurai H, Mochizuki Y, et al. Smoking prevalence and attitudes toward smoking among Japanese physicians. JAMA.\u20082001;285:2643\u20132648","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.20.2643"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankowski BL, Weaver SO, Secker-Walker RH. Advising parents to stop smoking: pediatricians' and parents' attitudes. Pediatrics.\u20081993;91:296\u2013300","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.296"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spangler JG, Enarson C, Eldridge C. An integrated approach to a tobacco-dependence curriculum. Acad Med.\u20082001;76:521\u2013522","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200105000-00055"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keefe CW, Thompson ME, Wadland WC. A comprehensive approach to teaching smoking-cessation strategies. Acad Med.\u20082001;76:520\u2013521","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200105000-00054"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadland WC, Keefe CW, Thomson M, Noel M. Tobacco dependence curricula in medical schools. JAMA.\u20082004;283:1426\u20131427","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.11.1426"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R70","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994: 244\u2013247"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokhorov A, Koehly L, Pallonen U, Hudmon KS. Adolescent nicotine dependence measured by the modified Fagerstro\u0308m tolerance questionnaire at two time points. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse.\u20081998;7:35\u201347","DOI":"10.1300\/J029v07n04_03"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokhorov AV, De Moor C, Pallonen UE, Hudmon KS, Koehly L, Hu S. Validation of the modified Fagerstro\u0308m tolerance questionnaire with salivary cotinine among adolescents. Addict Behav.\u20082000;25:429\u2013433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00132-4"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Fletcher K, et al. Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: the DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082002;156:397\u2013403","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.397"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas NL, Killen JD, Haydel KF, Robinson TN. Nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081998;152:151\u2013156","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.2.151"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etter JF, LeHouezec J, Perneger TV. A self-administered questionnaire to measure addiction to cigarettes: the cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacology.\u20082003;28:359\u2013370","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300030"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale LC, Glover ED, Sachs DP, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation: predictors of successful outcome. Chest.\u20082001;119:1357\u20131364","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.5.1357"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R77","unstructured":"Hurt RD, Croghan GA, Beede SD, Wolter TD, Croghan IT, Patten CA. Nicotine patch therapy in 101 adolescent smokers: efficacy, withdrawal symptom relief, and carbon monoxide and plasma cotinine levels. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082000;154:31\u201337"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson K, Allen S, Jensen S, Hatsukami D. Treatment of adolescent smokers with the nicotine patch. Nicotine Tob Res.\u20082003;5:515\u2013526","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/5.4.515"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pbert L, Moolchan ET, Muramoto M, et al. The state of office-based interventions for youth tobacco use. Pediatrics.\u20082003;111(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/111\/6\/e650","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.e650"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R80","unstructured":"Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2000"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokhorov AV, Hudmon KS, de Moor CA, Kelder SH, Conroy JL, Ordway N. Nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and adolescents' readiness to quit smoking. Nicotine Tob Res.\u20082001;3:151\u2013155","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110043068"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R82","unstructured":"Glantz K, Rimer B, Lewis FM. Health Behavior and Health Education. 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 2002"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R83","unstructured":"Roemer R. Legislative Action to Combat the World Tobacco Epidemic. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1993"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R84","unstructured":"Lynch BS, Bonnie RJ. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: Committee on Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press; 1994"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R85","unstructured":"DiFranza JR, Celebucki CC, Seo HG. A model for the efficient and effective enforcement of tobacco sales laws. Am J Public Health.\u20081998;88:1100\u20131101"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson DH, Wakefield MA, Esterman A, Baker CC. 15's: they fit in everywhere\u2014especially the school bag: a survey of purchases of packets of 15 cigarettes by 14 and 15 year olds in South Australia. Community Health Stud.\u20081987;11(1 suppl):16s\u201320s","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.1987.tb00508.x"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R87","unstructured":"Jacobs R. Economic policies, taxation and fiscal measure. In: Samet J, Yoon S, eds. Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001:177\u2013200"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R88","unstructured":"Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Tobacco advertising. 2000. Available at: www.tobaccofreekids.org\/campaign\/global\/docs\/advertising.pdf. Accessed October 5, 2004"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R89","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notice to readers: world no-tobacco day. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082002;51:439"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel M, Mowery PD, Pechacek TP, et al. Trends in adult cigarette smoking in California compared with the rest of the United States, 1978\u20131994. Am J Public Health.\u20082000;90:372\u2013379","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.3.372"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moxham J. Nicotine addiction. BMJ.\u20082000;320:391\u2013392","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7232.391"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R92","unstructured":"Chaloupka FJ, Pacula RL. Smoking and Tobacco Control. Monograph 14: Changing Adolescent Smoking Prevalence. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2001; 193\u2013199"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R93","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2000"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R94","unstructured":"Grossman M, Chaloupka FJ. Cigarette taxes: the straw to break the camel's back. Public Health Rep.\u20081997;112:290\u2013297"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewitt EM, Coate D. The potential for using excise taxes to reduce smoking. J Health Econ.\u20081982;1:121\u2013145","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(82)90011-X"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lantz PM, Jacobson PD, Warner KE, et al. Investing in youth tobacco control: a review of smoking prevention and control strategies. Tob Control.\u20082000;9:47\u201363","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.9.1.47"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewitt EM, Coate D, Grossman M. The effects of government regulation on teenage smoking. J Law Econ.\u20081981;24:549\u2013565","DOI":"10.3386\/w0655"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner KE. Smoking and health implications of a change in the federal cigarette excise tax. JAMA.\u20081986;255:1028\u20131032","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.255.8.1028"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson DE, Zeger SL, Remington PL, Anderson HA. The effect of state cigarette tax increases on cigarette sales, 1955 to 1988. Am J Public Health.\u20081992;82:94\u201396","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.1.94"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaloupka FJ, Wechsler H. Price, tobacco control policies and smoking among young adults. J Health Econ.\u20081997;16:359\u2013373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(96)00530-9"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biener L, Aseltine RH Jr, Cohen B, Anderka M. Reactions of adult and teenaged smokers to the Massachusetts tobacco tax. Am J Public Health.\u20081998;88:1389\u20131391","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1389"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emery S, White MM, Pierce JP. Does cigarette price influence adolescent experimentation?J Health Econ.\u20082001;20:261\u2013270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(00)00081-3"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholl J. Tobacco tax initiatives to prevent tobacco use: a study of eight statewide campaigns. Cancer.\u20081998;83(12 suppl):2666\u20132679","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12A+<2666::AID-CNCR2>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang L, Chaloupka FJ. Differential effects of cigarette price on youth smoking intensity. Nicotine Tob Res.\u20082002;4:109\u2013114","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110103188"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross H, Chaloupka FJ. The effect of cigarette prices on youth smoking. Health Econ.\u20082003;12:217\u2013230","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.709"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman J, Manning WG, Newhouse JP, Winkler JD. The effects of excise taxes and regulations on cigarette smoking. J Health Econ.\u20081991;10:43\u201364","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(91)90016-G"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaloupka FJ. Rational addictive behavior and cigarette smoking. J Polit Econ.\u20081991;99:722\u2013742","DOI":"10.1086\/261776"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson CC, Fisher LB, Winickoff JP, et al. State tobacco excise taxes and adolescent smoking behaviors in the United States. J Public Health Manag Pract.\u20082004;10:490\u2013496","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-200411000-00003"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R109","unstructured":"Evans WN, Huang AL. Cigarette Taxes and Teen Smoking: New Evidence From Panels of Repeated Cross-Sections. College Park, MD: Department of Economics, University of Maryland; 1998. Working paper"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R110","unstructured":"DeCicca P, Kenkel D, Mathios A. Putting out the fires: will higher taxes reduce youth smoking?Q J Econ.\u20082001;116:1261\u20131303"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein JD, Camenga DR. Tobacco prevention and cessation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Rev.\u20082004;25:17\u201326","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.25-1-17"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R112","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Cigarette smoking and cancer: questions and answers. Available at: www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/factsheet\/Tobacco\/cancer. Accessed July 12, 2006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R113","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal residential fire-related injuries treated in emergency departments: United States, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082003;52:906\u2013908"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkas AJ, Gilpin EA, White MM, Pierce JP. Association between household and workplace smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking. JAMA.\u20082000;284:717\u2013722","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.6.717"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endy AW, den Exter Blokland EA, Engels RC, Hale WW 3rd, Meeus W, Willemsen MC. Lifetime parental smoking history and cessation and early adolescent smoking behavior. Prev Med.\u20082004;38:359\u2013368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2003.11.008"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winickoff JP, McMillen RC, Carroll BC, et al. Addressing parental smoking in pediatrics and family practice: a national survey of parents. Pediatrics.\u20082003;112:1146\u20131151","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1146"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cluss PA, Moss D. Parent attitudes about pediatricians addressing parental smoking. Ambul Pediatr.\u20082002;2:485\u2013488","DOI":"10.1367\/1539-4409(2002)002<0485:PAAPAP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzgrote M, Ellen JM, Millstein SG, Irwin CE Jr. Screening for adolescent smoking among primary care physicians in California. Am J Public Health.\u20081997;87:1341\u20131345","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.8.1341"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregorio DI. Counseling adolescents for smoking prevention: a survey of primary care physicians and dentists. Am J Public Health.\u20081994;84:1151\u20131153","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.7.1151"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R120","unstructured":"Baker L. Health care provider advice on tobacco use to persons aged 10\u201322 years, United States, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20081995;44:826\u2013830"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapka JG, Fletcher K, Pbert L, Druker SK, Ockene JK, Chen L. The perceptions and practices of pediatricians: tobacco intervention. Pediatrics.\u20081999;103(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/103\/5\/e65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.5.e65"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankowski BL, Secker-Walker RH. Advising parents to stop smoking: opportunities and barriers in pediatric practice. Am J Dis Child.\u20081989;143:1091\u20131094","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1989.02150210127032"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler H, Levine S, Idelson RK, Rohman M, Taylor JO. The physician's role in health promotion: a survey of primary-care practitioners. N Engl J Med.\u20081983;308:97\u2013100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198301133080211"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R124","unstructured":"Ockene JK, Zapka J. Changing provider behaviour: provider education and training. Tob Control.\u20081997;6(suppl 1):S63\u2013S67"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SJ, Christen AG, Katz BP, et al. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health.\u20081987;77:313\u2013316","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.3.313"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, et al. Increasing the efficacy of physician-delivered smoking interventions: a randomized clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med.\u20081991;6:1\u20138","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599381"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kottke TE, Battista RN, DeFriese GH, Brekke ML. Attributes of successful smoking cessation interventions in medical practice: a meta-analysis of 39 controlled trials. JAMA.\u20081988;259:2883\u20132889","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.259.19.2883"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall MA, Severson HH, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Zoref L. Pediatric office-based smoking intervention: impact on maternal smoking and relapse. Pediatrics.\u20081995;96:622\u2013628","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.4.622"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg RA, Bauman KE, Glover LH, et al. Ecology of passive smoking by young infants. J Pediatr.\u20081989;114:774\u2013780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80135-0"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milton B, Cook PA, Dugdill L, Porcellato L, Springett J, Woods SE. Why do primary school children smoke? A longitudinal analysis of predictors of smoking uptake during pre-adolescence. Public Health.\u20082004;118:247\u2013255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2003.10.006"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieb R, Schreier A, Pfister H, Wittchen HU. Maternal smoking and smoking in adolescents: a prospective community study of adolescents and their mothers. Eur Addict Res.\u20082003;9:120\u2013130","DOI":"10.1159\/000070980"},{"key":"2021120822490303200_R132","unstructured":"US Public Health Service. Treating tobacco use and dependence: PHS clinical practice guideline. 2000. Available at: www.ahrq.gov\/clinic\/tobacco\/children.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2004"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/e890\/1072759\/zpe0090600e890.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/e890\/1072759\/zpe0090600e890.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T19:03:46Z","timestamp":1683572626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/118\/3\/e890\/69194\/Youth-Tobacco-Use-A-Global-Perspective-for-Child"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-0810","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}