{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:51:45Z","timestamp":1793044305604,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to describe overnight polysomnographic measures in normal children aged 3 to 7 years. We conducted a retrospective analysis of normal polysomnographic evaluations from participants in 2 large community-based studies of sleep-disordered breathing among preschoolers and early school-aged children at Kosair Children\u2019s Hospital Sleep Medicine Research Center at the University of Louisville. Participants included 542 healthy children with ages ranging from 3.2 to 8.6 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Subjects were excluded from analysis if they had documented snoring during polysomnography, an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index of \u22651.0, or a periodic leg-movement index of \u22655.0. Because the greatest differences in polysomnography occurred between ages 5 and 6 years, analyses were performed for children 3 to 5 years and for ages \u22656. Sleep cyclicity was distinct between age groups, with both showing an initial brief rapid-eye-movement period, which lengthened across the night, but only the older group showing a decrease in cycle length across the night. Average obstructive apnea indices were 0.03 per hour of total sleep time (TST) for 3- to 5-year-old children and 0.05 per hour of TST for \u22656-year-old children, whereas central apnea indices were 0.82 and 0.45 per hour of TST, respectively. Older children spent a greater percentage of sleep time supine, and the apnea-hypopnea index differed according to body position. Twenty percent of all subjects had end tidal carbon dioxide values of &amp;gt;45 mm Hg, and 2.2% had recorded values &amp;gt;50 mm Hg during \u226550% TST. High variance was present on all measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Developmental changes occur in several polysomnographic measures among normal children from 3 to 7 years of age, particularly during transition from preschool to early school age. Our findings in a large number of healthy community children comprise the most extensive compilation of normative reference values for laboratory-based pediatric polysomnography to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T19:23:43Z","timestamp":1141241023000},"page":"741-753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":407,"title":["Polysomnographic Characteristics in Normal Preschool and Early School-Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Hawley E.","family":"Montgomery-Downs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kosair Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya E.","family":"Gulliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep, John Hunter Children\u2019s Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kosair Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820140520200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stradling JR, Thomas G, Warley AR, Williams P, Freeland A. 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