{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:57:41Z","timestamp":1780653461274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND. We hypothesized that in premature infants, retinal vascular growth retardation between birth and postmenstrual age of \u223c30 to 32 weeks that initiates retinopathy of prematurity is paralleled by brain growth retardation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>METHODS. In a prospective longitudinal study, we measured postnatal head growth, retinopathy of prematurity stage, protein and energy intake, severity of illness and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in 58 preterm infants (mean gestational age at birth: 27.6 weeks) from birth until postmenstrual age of \u223c40 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Premature infant head growth decelerates dramatically after birth until postmenstrual age of \u223c30 weeks. Head growth retardation coincides with retinal vascular growth suppression. Accelerated growth follows between post menstrual ages of \u223c30 to 32 weeks and \u223c40 weeks. The degree of head growth retardation up to postmenstrual age of 31 weeks corresponds to the degree of retinopathy of prematurity and to the degree of suppression of serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1. At postmenstrual age of 31 weeks, if a child\u2019s head circumference SD is below \u22122.5, then the probability of also developing at least stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity increases fivefold compared with head circumference above \u22122.5 SD (32% vs 6%) suggesting parallel processes in brain and retina. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels correlate positively with head circumference SD score and with the degree of retinopathy of prematurity.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. The correlation between head and retinal growth is consistent with insulin growth factor-1 being one of the postnatal growth factors involved in this multifactorial process and also suggests that factors that contribute to retinopathy of prematurity during this critical period may also affect neurological dysfunction. Additional studies are required to establish this connection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T23:20:51Z","timestamp":1149204051000},"page":"1930-1938","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Postnatal Head Growth Deficit Among Premature Infants Parallels Retinopathy of Prematurity and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Deficit"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Chatarina","family":"Lo\u0308fqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy of Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Engstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy of Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Sigurdsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy of Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Ha\u030ard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimon","family":"Niklasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy of Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Ewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women's and Children's Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Holmstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois E. H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Hellstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy of Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120823041137000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hack M, Flannery DJ, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med.\u20082002;346:149\u2013157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010856"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marlow N, Wolke D, Bracewell MA, Samara M. Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. N Engl J Med.\u20082005;352:9\u201319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041367"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke RW. Are there critical periods for brain growth in children born preterm?Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.\u20082006;91:F17\u2013F20","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.077438"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaffer DB, Palmer EA, Plotsky DF, et al. Prognostic factors in the natural course of retinopathy of prematurity: the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology.\u20081993;100:230\u2013237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31665-9"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fielder AR, Shaw DE, Robinson J, Ng YK. Natural history of retinopathy of prematurity: a prospective study. Eye.\u20081992;6:233\u2013242","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1992.46"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity: natural history ROP: ocular outcome at 5 years in premature infants with birth weights less than 1251 g. Arch Ophthalmol.\u20082002;120:595\u2013599","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.5.595"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R7","unstructured":"Dobson V, Quinn GE, Summers CG, et al. Effect of acute-phase retinopathy of prematurity on grating acuity development in the very low birth weight infant: the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\u20081994;35:4236\u20134244"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msall ME, Phelps DL, DiGaudio KM, et al. Severity of neonatal retinopathy of prematurity is predictive of neurodevelopmental functional outcome at age 5.5 years. Pediatrics.\u20082000;106:998\u20131005","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.5.998"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msall ME, Phelps DL, Hardy RJ, et al. Educational and social competencies at 8 years in children with threshold retinopathy of prematurity in the CRYO-ROP multicenter study. Pediatrics.\u20082004;113:790\u2013799","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.790"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulton AB, Hansen RM, Petersen RA, Vanderveen DK. The rod photoreceptors in retinopathy of prematurity: an electroretinographic study. Arch Ophthalmol.\u20082001;119:499\u2013505","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.4.499"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisk V, Amsel R, Whyte HE. The importance of head growth patterns in predicting the cognitive abilities and literacy skills of small-for-gestational-age children. Dev Neuropsychol.\u20082002;22:565\u2013593","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2203_2"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartholomeusz HH, Courchesne E, Karns CM. Relationship between head circumference and brain volume in healthy normal toddlers, children, and adults. Neuropediatrics.\u20082002;33:239\u2013241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36735"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carver JA. Probing the structure and interactions of crystallin proteins by NMR spectroscopy. Prog Retin Eye Res.\u20081999;18:431\u2013462","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00027-5"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leinninger GM, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factors in the treatment of neurological disease. Endocr Dev.\u20082005;9:135\u2013159","DOI":"10.1159\/000085763"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doublier S, Duyckaerts C, Seurin D, Binoux M. Impaired brain development and hydrocephalus in a line of transgenic mice with liver-specific expression of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1. Growth Horm IGF Res.\u20082000;10:267\u2013274","DOI":"10.1054\/ghir.2000.0168"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukudome Y, Tabata T, Miyoshi T, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I as a promoting factor for cerebellar Purkinje cell development. Eur J Neurosci.\u20082003;17:2006\u20132016","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02640.x"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee KH, Calikoglu AS, Ye P, D'Ercole AJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) ameliorates and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) exacerbates the effects of undernutrition on brain growth during early postnatal life: studies in IGF-I and IGFBP-1 transgenic mice. Pediatr Res.\u20081999;45:331\u2013336","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199903000-00007"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstrom A, Perruzzi C, Ju M, et al. Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20082001;98:5804\u20135808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101113998"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith LE, Hellstrom A. RP-forme fruste. J Perinatol.\u20082002;22:257","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210710"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstrom A, Engstrom E, Hard AL, et al. Postnatal serum insulin-like growth factor I deficiency is associated with retinopathy of prematurity and other complications of premature birth. Pediatrics.\u20082003;112:1016\u20131020","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1016"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindley AA, Benson JE, Grimes C, Cole TM III, Herman AA. The relationship in neonates between clinically measured head circumference and brain volume estimated from head CT-scans. Early Hum Dev.\u20081999;56:17\u201329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00033-X"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsal K, Persson PH, Larsen T, Lilja H, Selbing A, Sultan B. Intrauterine growth curves based on ultrasonically estimated foetal weights. Acta Paediatr.\u20081996;85:843\u2013848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14164.x"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R23","unstructured":"Flynn JT. An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity: development of the classification of the late stages of retinopathy of prematurity. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser.\u20081988;24:175\u2013183, C2\u2013C3"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstrom A, Svensson E, Carlsson B, Niklasson A, Albertsson-Wikland K. Reduced retinal vascularization in children with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20081999;84:795\u2013798","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.2.795"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaelsen K, Pedersen S, Skafte L, Jaeger P, Peitersen B. Infrared analysis for determining macronutrients in human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.\u20081998;7:229\u2013235","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198803000-00013"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engstrom E, Niklasson A, Wikland KA, Ewald U, Hellstrom A. The role of maternal factors, postnatal nutrition, weight gain, and gender in regulation of serum IGF-I among preterm infants. Pediatr Res.\u20082005;57:605\u2013610","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000155950.67503.BC"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R27","unstructured":"Penn JS, Tolman BL, Henry MM. Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat: relationship of retinal nonperfusion to subsequent neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\u20081994;35:3429\u20133435"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R28","unstructured":"Niklasson A, Karlberg P. New reference for Swedish infants' size at birth. Horm Res.\u20081999;51(suppl 2):28"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulton AB, Hansen RM. Photoreceptor function in infants and children with a history of mild retinopathy of prematurity. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis.\u20081996;13:566\u2013571","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.13.000566"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felderhoff-Mueser U, Bittigau P, Sifringer M, et al. Oxygen causes cell death in the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis.\u20082004;17:273\u2013282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.07.019"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hack M, Breslau N, Weissman B, Aram D, Klein N, Borawski E. Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive abilities at school age. N Engl J Med.\u20081991;325:231\u2013237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107253250403"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellstrom A, Carlsson B, Niklasson A, et al. IGF-I is critical for normal vascularization of the human retina. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20082002;87:3413\u20133416","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.7.3413"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popken GJ, Hodge RD, Ye P, et al. In vivo effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on prenatal and early postnatal development of the central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci.\u20082004;19:2056\u20132068","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03320.x"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Ercole AJ, Ye P, O'Kusky JR. Mutant mouse models of insulin-like growth factor actions in the central nervous system. Neuropeptides.\u20082002;36:209\u2013220","DOI":"10.1054\/npep.2002.0893"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy LJ, Rajkumar K, Molnar P. Phenotypic manifestations of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and IGFBP-3 overexpression in transgenic mice. Prog Growth Factor Res.\u20081995;6:425\u2013432","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2235(95)00026-7"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Ercole AJ, Dai Z, Xing Y, et al. Brain growth retardation due to the expression of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in transgenic mice: an in vivo model for the analysis of IGF function in the brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res.\u20081994;82:213\u2013222","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(94)90164-3"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R37","unstructured":"Seigel GM, Chiu L, Paxhia A. Inhibition of neuroretinal cell death by insulin-like growth factor-1 and its analogs. Mol Vis.\u20082000;6:157\u2013163"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Lopez C, LeRoith D, Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20082004;101:9833\u20139838","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400337101"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith LE, Kopchick JJ, Chen W, et al. Essential role of growth hormone in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. Science.\u20081997;276:1706\u20131709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5319.1706"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med.\u20081999;5:1390\u20131395","DOI":"10.1038\/70963"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo T, Vicent D, Suzuma K, et al. Knockout of insulin and IGF-1 receptors on vascular endothelial cells protects against retinal neovascularization. J Clin Invest.\u20082003;111:1835\u20131842","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317455"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg R, Agthe AG, Donohue PK, Lehmann CU. Hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol.\u20082003;23:186\u2013194","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210879"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR. Effects of caloric or protein restriction on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins in children and adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20081995;80:443\u2013449","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.2.7531712"},{"key":"2021120823041137000_R44","unstructured":"Palmer EA, Flynn JT, Hardy RJ, et al. Incidence and early course of retinopathy of prematurity: the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology.\u20081991;98:1628\u20131640"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/117\/6\/1930\/1072747\/zpe00606001930.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/117\/6\/1930\/1072747\/zpe00606001930.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T03:05:17Z","timestamp":1639019117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/117\/6\/1930\/69541\/Postnatal-Head-Growth-Deficit-Among-Premature"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-1926","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]}}}