{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:12:43Z","timestamp":1781633563293,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>CONTEXT. Rates of rapid second births among low-income black adolescent mothers range from 20% to 50%. Most efforts to prevent rapid second births have been unsuccessful.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>OBJECTIVES. There were 4 objectives: (1) to examine whether a home-based mentoring intervention was effective in preventing second births within 2 years of the adolescent mother's first delivery; (2) to examine whether greater intervention participation increased the likelihood of preventing a second birth; (3) to examine whether second births were better predicted from a risk practice perspective or a family formation perspective, based on information collected at delivery; and (4) to examine how risk practices or family formation over the first 2 years of parenthood were related to a second birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>DESIGN. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of a home-based intervention curriculum, based on social cognitive theory, and focused on interpersonal negotiation skills, adolescent development, and parenting. The curriculum was delivered biweekly until the infant's first birthday by college-educated, black, single mothers who served as mentors, presenting themselves as \u201cbig sisters.\u201d The control group received usual care. Follow-up evaluations were conducted in the homes 6, 13, and 24 months after recruitment.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>METHODS. Participants were recruited from urban hospitals at delivery and were 181 first time, black adolescent mothers (&amp;lt;18 years of age); 82% (149 of 181) completed the 24-month evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that control mothers were more likely than intervention mothers to have a second infant. The complier average causal effect was used to account for variability in intervention participation. Having \u22652 intervention visits increased the odds of not having a second infant more than threefold. Only 1 mother who completed \u22656 visits had a second infant. At delivery of their first infant, mothers who had a second infant were slightly older (16.7 vs 16.2 years) and were more likely to have been arrested (30% vs 14%). There were no differences in baseline contraceptive use or other measures of risk or family formation. At 24 months, mothers who had a second infant reported high self-esteem, positive life events, and romantic involvement and residence with the first infant's father. At 24 months, there were no differences in marital rates (2%), risk practices, or contraceptive use between mothers who did and did not have a second infant. Mothers who did not have a second infant were marginally more likely to report no plans for contraception in their next sexual contact compared with mothers who had a second infant (22% vs 8%, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. A home-based intervention founded on a mentorship model and targeted toward adolescent development, including negotiation skills, was effective in preventing rapid repeat births among low-income, black adolescent mothers. The effectiveness of the intervention could be seen after only 2 visits and increased over time. There were no second births among mothers who attended \u22658 sessions. There was no evidence that risk behavior or contraceptive use was related to rapid second births. There was some evidence that rapid second births among adolescent mothers were regarded as desirable and as part of a move toward increasing autonomy and family formation, thereby undermining intervention programs that focus on risk avoidance. Findings suggest the merits of a mentoring program for low-income, black adolescent mothers, based on a relatively brief (6\u20138 sessions) curriculum targeted toward adolescent development and interpersonal negotiation skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,2]],"date-time":"2006-10-02T17:04:22Z","timestamp":1159808662000},"page":"e1087-e1099","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Delaying Second Births Among Adolescent Mothers: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Home-Based Mentoring Program"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Maureen M.","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia A.","family":"Papas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Oberlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laureen O.","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scot","family":"McNary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822440750600_R1","unstructured":"Child Trends. Facts at a glance, from the Child Trends web site. Available at: www.childtrends.org\/Files\/Facts_2005.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2005"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin JA, Kochanek KD, Strobino DM, Guyer B, MacDorman MF. Annual summary of vital statistics\u20132003. Pediatrics.\u20082005;115:619\u2013634","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2695"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R3","unstructured":"Klerman L. Another Chance: Preventing Additional Births to Teen Mothers. Washington, DC: National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy; 2004"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maynard R, Rangarajan A. Contraceptive use and repeat pregnancies among welfare-dependent teenage mothers. Fam Plann Perspect.\u20081994;26:198\u2013205","DOI":"10.2307\/2135939"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigsby DC, Macones DA, Driscoll DA. Risk factors for repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers: A review. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol.\u20081998;11:115\u2013126","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(98)70130-5"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furstenberg FF, Brooks-Gunn, J, Morgan SP. Adolescent Mothers in Later Life. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1987","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752810"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens-Simon C, Lowy R. Teenage childbearing: An adaptive strategy for the socioeconomically disadvantaged or a strategy for adapting to socioeconomic disadvantage?Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081995;149:912\u2013915","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170210086015"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sims K, Luster T. Factors related to early subsequent pregnancies and second births among adolescent mothers in a family support program. J Fam Issues.\u20082002;23:1006\u20131031","DOI":"10.1177\/019251302237301"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koniak-Griffin D, Lesser J, Uman G. Nurse visitation for adolescent mothers: Two year infant health and maternal outcomes. Nurs Res.\u20082003;52:127\u2013136","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200303000-00009"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens-Simon C, Dolgan J. The effect of monetary incentives and peer support groups on repeat adolescent pregnancies. JAMA.\u20081997;277:977\u2013982","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.12.977"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Key J, Barbosa GA, Owens VJ. The Second Chance Club: Repeat adolescent pregnancy prevention with a school-based intervention. J Adolesc Health.\u20082001;28:167\u2013169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00186-5"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon R, Liefeld CP. Effectiveness of a family support center approach to adolescent mothers: Repeat pregnancy and school drop-out rates. Fam Relat.\u20081998;47:139\u2013144","DOI":"10.2307\/585617"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R13","unstructured":"Coard SI, Nitz K, Felive ME. Repeat pregnancy among urban adolescents: Sociodemographic, family, and health factors. Adolescence.\u20082002;35:193\u2013200"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens-Simon C, Kelly L, Singer D, Nelligan D. Reasons for first teen pregnancies predict the rate of subsequent teen conceptions. Pediatrics.\u20081998;101(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/101\/1\/e8","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.1.e8"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfitzner MA, Hoff C, McElligott K. Predictors of repeat pregnancy in a program for pregnant teens. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol.\u20082003;16:77\u201381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(03)00011-1"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalmuss DS, Namerow PB. Subsequent childbearing among teenage mothers: Determinants of a closely spaced birth. Fam Plann Perspect.\u20081994;26:149\u2013153","DOI":"10.2307\/2136238"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuhashi Y, Felice ME, Shragg P, Hollingsworth DR. Is repeat pregnancy a \u201cplanned\u201d affair?J Adol Health.\u20081989;10:409\u2013412","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0070(89)90220-9"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R18","unstructured":"Jessor R, Jessor S. Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1997"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis TM. An examination of repeat pregnancies using problem behavior theory: Is it really problematic?J Youth Stud.\u20082002;5:337\u2013351","DOI":"10.1080\/1367626022000006018"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens-Simon C, Kelly L, Singer D. Absence of negative attitudes toward childbearing among pregnant teenagers: A risk factor for a rapid repeat pregnancy?Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081996;150:1037\u20131043","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170350039006"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R21","unstructured":"Anderson E. Sex codes among inner-city youth. In: Garrison J, Smith MD, and Besharov DJ, eds. Sexuality, Poverty, and the Inner City. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 1994;1\u201336"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geronimus AT. Teenage childbearing as cultural prism. Br Med Bull.\u20082004;69:155\u2013166","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh019"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R23","unstructured":"Musick J. Young, Poor, and Pregnant: The Psychology of Teenage Motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1993"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smetana JG, Campione-Barr N, Daddis C. Longitudinal development of family decision making: Defining healthy behavioral autonomy for middle class African American adolescents. Child Dev.\u20082004;75:1418\u20131434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00749.x"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R25","unstructured":"Steinberg LD. Adolescence. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill College; 2002"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweet MA, Appelbaum MI. Is home visiting an effective strategy? A meta-analytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children. Child Dev.\u20082004;75:1435\u20131456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00750.x"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black MM, Siegel E, Abel Y, Bentley ME. Home and videotape intervention delays premature introduction of complementary feeding among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics.\u20082001;107(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/ci\/content\/full\/107\/5\/e67","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.e67"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R28","unstructured":"Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1986"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R29","unstructured":"West SG, Biesanz JC, Pitts SC. Causal inference and generalization in field settings: Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. In: Reis HT, Judd CM, eds. Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2000;40\u201384"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist JD, Imbens GW, Rubin DB. Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. J Am Stat Association.\u20082002;91:444\u2013472","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frangakis CE, Rubin DB. Principal stratification in causal inference. Biometrics.\u20082002;58:20\u201329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00021.x"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little RJA, Yau L. Statistical techniques for analyzing data from prevention trials: Treatment of no-shows using Rubin's causal model. Psychol Methods.\u20081998;3:147\u2013159","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.2.147"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmgren J, Goetghebeur E. Methods incorporating compliance in treatment evaluation. In: Geller NL, ed. Advances in Clinical Trial Biostatistics. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004;189\u2013211","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203912881.ch10"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika.\u20081983;70:41\u201355","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloom HS. Accounting for no-shows in experimental evaluation designs. Eval Rev.\u20081984;8:225\u2013246","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8400800205"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer A, Zeger SL. On estimating efficacy from clinical trials. Stat Med.\u20081991;10:45\u201352","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780100110"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill JL, Brooks-Gunn J, Waldfogel J. Sustained effects of high participation in an early intervention for low-birth-weight premature infants. Dev Psychol.\u20082003;39:730\u2013744","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.4.730"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R38","unstructured":"US House of Representatives. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996; Conference Report H.R. 3734. Report No. 104\u2013725. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1996"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abma JC, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Dawson BS. Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing, 2002. Vital Health Stat.\u20082004;23:1\u201348","DOI":"10.1037\/e609162007-001"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R40","unstructured":"Kolbe LJ, Kann L, Collins JL. Overview of the youth risk behavior surveillance system. Public Health Rep.\u20081993;108(suppl 1):2\u201310"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psych.\u20081961;4:561\u2013571","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck AT, Brown G, Steer RA. Psychometric characteristics of the Scale for Suicide Ideation with psychiatric outpatients. Behav Res Ther.\u20081997;35:1039\u20131046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00073-9"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panzarine S, Slater E, Sharps P. Coping, social support, and depressive symptoms in adolescent mothers. J Adol Health.\u20081995;17:113\u2013119","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(95)00064-Y"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R44","unstructured":"Kaufman AS, Kaufman NL. The Functional Academic Skills Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services; 1994"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blascovich J, Tomaka J. Measures of self-esteem. In: Robinson JP, Shaver PR, Wrightsman LS, eds. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Volume 1. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1991:115\u2013160","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-590241-0.50008-3"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furman W, Buhrmester D. Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Dev Psychol.\u20081985;21:1016\u20131024","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.21.6.1016"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston C, Mash EJ. A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. J Clin Child Psychol.\u20081989;18:167\u2013175","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1802_8"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarason IG, Johnson JH, Siegel JM. Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey. J Consult Clin Psychol.\u20081978;46:932\u2013946","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.46.5.932"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng Y, Little RJ, Raghunathan TE. An extended general location model for causal inferences from data subject to noncompliance and missing values. Biometrics.\u20082004;60:598\u2013607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2004.00208.x"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron B. The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and Other Resampling Plans. CBMS-NSF Monographs. Philadelphia, PA: Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics; 1982:38","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970319"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little RJA, Yau L. Intent-to-treat analysis in longitudinal studies with drop-outs. Biometrics.\u20081996;52:1324\u20131333","DOI":"10.2307\/2532847"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sipe CL. Mentoring programs for adolescents: a research summary. J Adol Health.\u20082002;31:251\u2013260","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00498-6"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beier SR, Rosenfeld WD, Spitalny KC, Zansky SM, Bontempo AN. The potential role of an adult mentor in influencing high-risk behaviors in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adol Med.\u20082000;154:327\u2013331","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.4.327"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman MA, Bingenheimer JB, Notaro PC. Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: A study with urban youth. Am J Comm Psychol.\u20082002;30:221\u2013243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014632911622"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaw EL, Rhodes JE. Mentor relationships and the career development of pregnant and parenting African-American teenagers. Psychol Women Quart.\u20081995;19:551\u2013562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00092.x"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes JE, Grossman JB. Agents of change: Pathways through which mentoring relationships influence adolescents' academic adjustment. Child Dev.\u20082000;71:1662\u20131671","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00256"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erickson PI. Lessons from a repeat pregnancy prevention program for Hispanic teenage mothers in east Los Angeles. Fam Plann Perspect.\u20081994;26:174\u2013178","DOI":"10.2307\/2136243"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendall C, Afable-Munsuz A, Speizer I, Avery A, Schmit N, Santelli J. Understanding pregnancy in a population of inner-city women in New Orleans. Soc Sci Med.\u20082005;60:297\u2013311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.05.007"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R60","unstructured":"Furstenberg FF, Harris KM. When fathers matter\/why fathers matter: The impact of paternal involvement on the offspring of adolescent mothers. In: Lawson A, Rhode DL, eds. The Politics of Pregnancy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1993:189\u2013215"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graefe DR, Lichter DT. Marriage among unwed mothers: whites, blacks and Hispanics compared. Perspect Sex Reprod Health.\u20082002;34:286\u2013293","DOI":"10.2307\/3097747"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabin LS, Astone NM, Emerson M. Do adolescents want babies?J Res Adolesc.\u20081993;3:67\u201386","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327795jra0301_4"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull S, Hogue CJ. Exploratory analysis of factors associated with teens' repeated childbearing. J Health Care Poor Underserved.\u20081998;9:42\u201361","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0511"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess CR, Kerr MA, Black, MM. Resilience among African American adolescent mothers: Predictors of positive parenting in early infancy. J Pediatr Psychol.\u20082002;27:619\u2013629","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/27.7.619"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess CR, Papas MA, Black MM. Use of the Bayley Infant Neurological Screener with environmental risk groups. J Pediatr Psychol.\u20082004;29:321\u2013330","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsh036"},{"key":"2021120822440750600_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnakumar A, Black MM. Longitudinal predictors of competence among African American children: The role of distal and proximal risk factors. J Appl Dev Psychol.\u20082002;23:237\u2013266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(02)00106-5"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/4\/e1087\/1116048\/zpe010060e1087.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/4\/e1087\/1116048\/zpe010060e1087.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T02:35:01Z","timestamp":1639017301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/118\/4\/e1087\/69082\/Delaying-Second-Births-Among-Adolescent-Mothers-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-2318","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]}}}