{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:39:20Z","timestamp":1790858360607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. In the pre\u2013highly active antiretroviral therapy era, a loss of specific antibodies was seen. Our objective with this study was to describe the loss of specific antibodies during treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS. In a prospective, single-center, cohort study of 59 children with HIV-1 infection, we investigated the long-term effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the titers and course of specific antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine strains compared with wild-type varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. During highly active antiretroviral therapy, age-adjusted CD4+ T cells and B cells increased, whereas total immunoglobulin levels declined. Although these children were preimmunized before the start of highly active antiretroviral therapy, only 24 (43%) had antibodies against all 3 measles, mumps, and rubella. Antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella were lost in 14 (40%), 11 (38%), and 5 (11%) children who were seropositive at baseline. We also observed loss of varicella zoster virus immunoglobulin G in 7 (21%) of 34, cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G in 3 (7%) of 45, but none of 53 Epstein-Barr virus\u2013seropositive children. During highly active antiretroviral therapy, primary vaccination in 3 patients and 15 revaccinations in those with negative serology demonstrated incomplete seroconversion.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Humoral reactivity in children with HIV-1 infection remains abnormal during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Despite immune reconstitution, antibodies against live-attenuated vaccine and wild-type natural virus strains disappear over time in up to 40% of children with HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T04:35:03Z","timestamp":1153197303000},"page":"e315-e322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Persistent Humoral Immune Defect in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy\u2013Treated Children With HIV-1 Infection: Loss of Specific Antibodies Against Attenuated Vaccine Strains and Natural Viral Infection"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Bekker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrie\u0308tte","family":"Scherpbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasja","family":"Pajkrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Jurriaans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Human Retrovirology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Zaaijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Section of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taco W.","family":"Kuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822362691700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shearer WT, Easley KA, Goldfarb J, et al. 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