{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:37:19Z","timestamp":1782848239914,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Here we report the reversal of cholestasis in 2 infants with intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition\u2013associated liver disease. Treatment involved the substitution of a conventional intravenous fat emulsion with one containing primarily omega-3 fatty acids. Biochemical tests of liver function improved significantly. One child was removed from the liver transplantation list because of improved hepatic function, and the second child had complete resolution of cholestasis while solely on parenteral nutrition. This suggests that fat emulsions made from fish oils may be an effective means of treating and preventing this often-fatal condition. A randomized, controlled trial is necessary to study the efficacy of this new approach to parenteral nutrition\u2013associated liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]],"date-time":"2006-07-06T16:42:48Z","timestamp":1152204168000},"page":"e197-e201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":292,"title":["Reversal of Parenteral Nutrition\u2013Associated Liver Disease in Two Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome Using Parenteral Fish Oil: Implications for Future Management"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Gura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology\/Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology\/Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon B.","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology\/Nutrition"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell W.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judah","family":"Folkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Bistrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Puder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120823063228600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilmore DW, Dudrick SJ. Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients exclusively by vein. JAMA.\u20081968;203:860\u2013864","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.203.10.860"},{"key":"2021120823063228600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard L, Ament M, Fleming CR, Shike M, Steiger E. Current use and clinical outcome of home parenteral and enteral nutrition therapies in the United States. Gastroenterology.\u20081995;109:355\u2013365","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90321-6"},{"key":"2021120823063228600_R3","unstructured":"Buchman AL. Complications of long-term home total parenteral nutrition: their identification, prevention and treatment. Dig Dis Sci.\u20082001;46:1\u201318"},{"key":"2021120823063228600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teitelbaum DH, Tracy T. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. 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