{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:03:20Z","timestamp":1788851000667,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. The goal was to evaluate risk factors for invasive Escherichia coli infections in the first week of life (early onset), focusing on the role of intrapartum antibiotic use.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>METHODS. We conducted a retrospective case-control study. Between 1997 and 2001, case infants, defined as infants &amp;lt;7 days of age with E coli isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, were identified in selected counties of California, Georgia, and Connecticut by the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance\/Emerging Infections Program Network. Control infants (N = 1212) were identified from a labor and delivery record review of a stratified random sample of live births at the same hospitals in 1998 and 1999.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Surveillance identified 132 E coli cases, including 68 ampicillin-resistant cases. The case fatality rate was 16% (21 of 132 cases). Two thirds of case infants were preterm, and 49% (64 of 132 infants) were born at \u226433 weeks of gestation. Fifty-three percent of case mothers (70 of 132 mothers) received intrapartum antibiotic therapy; 70% of those received ampicillin or penicillin. Low gestational age (\u226433 weeks), intrapartum fever, and membrane rupture of \u226518 hours were associated with increased odds of early-onset E coli infection. Results were similar when case subjects were limited to those infected with ampicillin-resistant strains. Exposure to any intrapartum antibiotic treatment, \u03b2-lactam antibiotic treatment, or \u22654 hours of intrapartum antibiotic therapy was associated with increased odds of E coli infection and ampicillin-resistant infection in univariate analyses. Among preterm infants, intrapartum antibiotic exposure did not remain associated with either outcome in multivariable models. Among term infants, exposure to \u22654 hours of intrapartum antibiotic therapy was associated with decreased odds of early-onset E coli infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Exposure to intrapartum antibiotic therapy did not increase the odds of invasive, early-onset E coli infection. Intrapartum antibiotic therapy was effective in preventing E coli infection only among term infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-3083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,2]],"date-time":"2006-08-02T17:07:56Z","timestamp":1154538476000},"page":"570-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Risk Factors for Invasive, Early-Onset <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> Infections in the Era of Widespread Intrapartum Antibiotic Use"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Schrag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Hadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Infections Program, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Human Resources, Division of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Martell-Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Human Resources, Division of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Reingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Emerging Infections Program, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schuchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822384620100_R1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early-onset and late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease: United States, 1996\u20132004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082005;54:1205\u20131208"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoll B, Hansen N, Higgins R, et al. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J.\u20082005;24:635\u2013639","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000168749.82105.64"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltimore RS, Huie SM, Meek JI, et al. Early-onset neonatal sepsis in the era of group B streptococcal prevention. Pediatrics.\u20082001;108:1094\u20131098","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1094"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyde TB, Hilger TM, Reingold A, et al. Trends in the incidence and antimicrobial resistance of early-onset sepsis: population-based surveillance in San Francisco and Atlanta. Pediatrics.\u20082002;110:690\u2013695","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.690"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez Sastre J, Coto Cotallo G, Fernandez Colomer B. Neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission: an epidemiological study from the \u201cGrupo de Hospitales Castrillo. \u201d J Perinat Med.\u20082000;28:309\u2013315","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2000.039"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore MR, Schrag SJ, Schuchat A. Effects of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of group-B-streptococcal disease on the incidence and ecology of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Lancet Infect Dis.\u20082003;3:201\u2013213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00577-2"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrag SJ, Zywicki S, Farley MM, et al. Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med.\u20082000;342:15\u201320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420103"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoll BJ, Hansen N, Fanaroff AA, et al. Changes in pathogens causing early-onset sepsis in very-low-birthweight infants. N Engl J Med.\u20082002;347:240\u2013247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012657"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyer KM, Gotoff SP. Prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease with selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. N Engl J Med.\u20081986;314:1665\u20131669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198606263142603"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuchat A, Zywicki SS, Dinsmoor MJ, et al. Risk factors and opportunities for prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatrics.\u20082000;105:21\u201326","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.21"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph TA, Pyati SP, Jacobs N. Neonatal early-onset Escherichia coli disease: the effect of intrapartum ampicillin. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081998;152:35\u201340","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.1.35"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer BM, Carr TL, Beazley DD, et al. Antibiotic use in pregnancy and drug-resistant infant sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081999;181:816\u2013821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70307-8"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terrone DA, Rinehart BK, Einstein MH, et al. Neonatal sepsis and death caused by resistant Escherichia coli: possible consequences of extended maternal ampicillin administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081999;180:1345\u20131348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70017-7"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towers C, Briggs G. Antepartum use of antibiotics and early-onset neonatal sepsis: the next 4 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20082002;187:495\u2013500","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.124277"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrag SJ, Zell ER, Lynfield R, et al. A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Engl J Med.\u20082002;347:233\u2013239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020205"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watt JP, Schuchat A, Erickson K, et al. Group B streptococcal disease prevention practices of obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol.\u20082001;98:7\u201313","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200107000-00003"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrag SJ, Arnold KE, Mohle-Boetani JC, et al. Prenatal screening for infectious diseases and opportunities for prevention. Obstet Gynecol.\u20082003;102:753\u2013760","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200310000-00017"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R18","unstructured":"Kahn MJ, O'Fallon WM, Sicks JD. Generalized Population Attributable Risk Estimation. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic; 2000. Technical report 54"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez Sastre J, Colomer BF, Coto Cotallo G, et al. Trends in the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission in the era of group B streptococcal prevention. Acta Pediatr.\u20082005;94:451\u2013457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01917.x"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daley AJ, Issacs D, Australasian Study Group for Neonatal Infections. Ten-year study on the effect of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on early-onset group B streptococcal and Escherichia coli neonatal sepsis in Australasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J.\u20082004;23:630\u2013634","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000128782.20060.79"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarcon A, Pena P, Salas S, et al. Neonatal early-onset Escherichia coli sepsis: trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance in the era of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J.\u20082004;23:295\u2013299","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200404000-00004"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards RK, Jamie WE, Sterner D, et al. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and early-onset neonatal sepsis patterns. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol.\u20082003;11:221\u2013226","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440300025525"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlowsky JA, Kelly LJ, Thornsberry C, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract infection isolates of Escherichia coli from female outpatients in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.\u20082002;46:2540\u20132545","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2540-2545.2002"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerrn MB, Klemmensen T, Frimodt-Moller N, et al. Susceptibility of Danish Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections and bacteraemia, and distribution of sul genes conferring sulphonamide resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother.\u20082002;50:513\u2013516","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf164"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oteo J, Campos J, Baquero F. Antibiotic resistance in 1962 invasive isolates of Escherichia coli in 27 Spanish hospitals participating in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (2001). J Antimicrob Chemother.\u20082002;50:945\u2013952","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf255"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R26","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early-onset group B streptococcal disease: United States, 1998\u20131999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082000;49:793\u2013796"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R27","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hospital-based policies for prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082000;49:936\u2013940"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yancey M, Duff P, Kubilis P, et al. Risk factors for neonatal sepsis. Obstet Gynecol.\u20081996;87:188\u2013194","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00402-5"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg R, Culhane J. Infection as a cause of preterm birth. Clin Perinatol.\u20082003;30:677\u2013700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(03)00110-6"},{"key":"2021120822384620100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg R, Andrews W, Guerrant R, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: cervical lactoferrin concentration, other markers of lower genital tract infection, and preterm birth: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20082000;182:631\u2013635","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104211"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/570\/1074431\/zpe00806000570.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/570\/1074431\/zpe00806000570.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T02:23:26Z","timestamp":1639016606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/118\/2\/570\/68959\/Risk-Factors-for-Invasive-Early-Onset-Escherichia"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-3083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]}}}