{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:57:49Z","timestamp":1790812669768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. We sought to use a large database of prospectively collected data on pediatric sedation and\/or anesthesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to delineate the nature and the frequency of adverse events that are associated with sedation\/anesthesia care for procedures that are performed outside the operating room in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS. Data were collected by the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium, a collaborative group of 35 institutions that are dedicated to improving sedation\/anesthesia care for children internationally. Members prospectively enrolled consecutive patients who were receiving sedation or anesthesia for procedures. Data on demographics, primary illness, coexisting illness, procedure performed, medications used, outcomes, airway interventions, and adverse events were collected and reported on a Web-based data collection tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS. A total of 26 institutions submitted data on 30037 sedation\/anesthesia encounters during the study period from July 1, 2004, to November 15, 2005. Serious adverse events were rare in the institutions involved in this study; there were no deaths. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was required once. Less serious events were more common with O2 desaturation below 90% for &amp;gt;30 seconds, occurring 157 times per 10000 sedations. Stridor and laryngospasm both occurred in 4.3 per 10000 sedations. Unexpected apnea, excessive secretions, and vomiting had frequencies of 24, 41.6, and 47.2 per 10000 encounters, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Our data indicate that pediatric sedation\/anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room is unlikely to yield serious adverse outcomes in a collection of institutions with highly motivated and organized sedation services. However, the safety of this practice depends on the systems' ability to manage less serious events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T17:17:38Z","timestamp":1157131058000},"page":"1087-1096","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":399,"title":["Incidence and Nature of Adverse Events During Pediatric Sedation\/Anesthesia for Procedures Outside the Operating Room: Report From the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Cravero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology"},{"name":"Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"Blike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Group, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampsire;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Hertzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeana E.","family":"Havidich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Gelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822575144100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cote CJ, Notterman DA, Karl HW, Weinberg JA, McCloskey C. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factors. Pediatrics.\u20082000;105(pt 1):805\u2013814","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.805"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cote CJ, Karl HW, Notterman DA, Weinberg JA, McCloskey C. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation. Pediatrics.\u20082000;106:633\u2013644","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.4.633"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: addendum. Pediatrics.\u20082002;114:836\u2013838","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.836"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardi A, Salem Y, Padeh S, Paret G, Barzilay Z. Is propofol safe for procedural sedation in children? A prospective evaluation of propofol versus ketamine in pediatric critical care. Crit Care Med.\u20082002;30:1231\u20131236","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200206000-00010"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R5","unstructured":"Joint Commission on Accredidation of Healthcare Organizations. Sedation and Anesthesia Care Standards. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on Accredidation of Healthcare Organizations; 2003"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR. Adverse events and risk factors associated with the sedation of children by nonanesthesiologists. Anesth Analg.\u20081997;85:1207\u20131213","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199712000-00005"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pena BM, Krauss B. Adverse events of procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081999;34(pt 1):483\u2013491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)80050-X"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanborn PA, Michna E, Zurakowski D, et al. Adverse cardiovascular and respiratory events during sedation of pediatric patients for imaging examinations. Radiology.\u20082005;237:288\u2013294","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2371041415"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leape LL, Berwick DM, Bates DW. What practices will most improve safety? Evidence-based medicine meets patient safety. JAMA.\u20082002;288:501\u2013507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.4.501"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics.\u20081992;89(pt 1):1110\u20131115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1110"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology.\u20082002;96:1004\u20131017","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200204000-00031"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R12","unstructured":"American College of Emergency Physicians. Clinical policy for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081998;31:663\u2013677"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics.\u20081992;89:1110\u20131115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1110"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R14","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines for the elective use of pharmacologic conscious sedation and deep sedation in pediatric dental patients. Pediatr Dent.\u20081993;15:297\u2013299"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiret L, Nivoche Y, Hatton F, Desmonts JM, Vourc'h G. Complications related to anaesthesia in infants and children. A prospective survey of 40240 anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth.\u20081988;61:263\u2013269","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/61.3.263"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzman R. Morbidity and mortality in pediatric anesthesia. Pediatr Clin North Am.\u20081994;41:239\u2013256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38701-6"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R17","unstructured":"Working Party on Anaesthetic Mortality, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. Anesthesia Related Mortality, 1991\u20131993. Canberra, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council; 1994"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law AK, Ng DK, Chan KK. Use of intramuscular ketamine for endoscopy sedation in children. Pediatr Int.\u20082003;45:180\u2013185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2003.01680.x"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Eldevik OP, Rockwell DT, Wong JH, Tait AR. Sedation and general anaesthesia in children undergoing MRI and CT: adverse events and outcomes. Br J Anaesth.\u20082000;84:743\u2013748","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bja.a013586"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters JM, TV, Simpson P, Aravind MK, Kauffman RE. Flumazenil in children after esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol.\u20081999;94:1857\u20131861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01218.x"},{"key":"2021120822575144100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan RA. The success of inhalation sedation for comprehensive dental care within the Community Dental Service. Int J Paediatr Dent.\u20082002;12:410\u2013414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.2002.00400.x"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/1087\/1073567\/zpe00906001087.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/1087\/1073567\/zpe00906001087.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T15:02:30Z","timestamp":1683558150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/118\/3\/1087\/69396\/Incidence-and-Nature-of-Adverse-Events-During"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-0313","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}