{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:28:38Z","timestamp":1791959318840,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article we address the recent actions of the General Medical Council in the United Kingdom affecting 2 pediatricians who are major contributors to pediatric knowledge about the intentional suffocation of infants. The General Medical Council struck one of them from the register of licensed medical practitioners, but the decision was appealed successfully. The council restricted the practice of the other pediatrician. After a review of the transcripts of the hearings, we conclude that the opinions given by both doctors were responsible, and the transcripts suggest that the conduct of the hearings was unfair. Licensing boards may have difficulty in competently regulating doctors' expert testimony, at least in cases involving child maltreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T23:20:51Z","timestamp":1149204051000},"page":"2247-2251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Meadow, Southall, and the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chadwick Center for Children and Families, Children\u2019s Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry F.","family":"Krous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond K.","family":"Runyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120823034842400_R1","unstructured":"Appellate Court Decision. In: The High Court of Justice, Queen\u2019s Bench Division, Administrative Court, Mr Justice Collins. Meadow, appellant; General Medical Council, respondent. 2006"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meadow R. Recurrent cot death and suffocation. Arch Dis Child.\u20081989;64:179\u2013180","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.1.179-a"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bools CN, Neale BA, Meadow SR. Co-morbidity associated with fabricated illness (Munchausen syndrome by proxy). Arch Dis Child.\u20081992;67:77\u201379","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.1.77"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meadow R. Munchausen syndrome by proxy abuse perpetrated by men. Arch Dis Child.\u20081998;78:210\u2013216","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.3.210"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meadow R. Unnatural sudden infant death. Arch Dis Child.\u20081999;80:7\u201314","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.80.1.7"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meadow R. Suffocation, recurrent apnea, and sudden infant death. J Pediatr.\u20081990;117:351\u2013357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81072-8"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dix J. Homicide and the baby-sitter. Am J Forensic Med Pathol.\u20081998;19:321\u2013323","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199812000-00005"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cashell AW. Homicide as a cause of the sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Forensic Med Pathol.\u20081987;8:256\u2013258","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198708030-00012"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R9","unstructured":"Berry PJ. Pathological findings in SIDS. J Clin Pathol.\u20081992;45(11 suppl):11\u201316"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byard RW, Beal SM. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: repetitive infantile apnoea and homicide [published correction appears in J Paediatr Child Health. 1993;29:324]. J Paediatr Child Health.\u20081993;29:77\u201379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00451.x"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southall DP, Richards JM, Rhoden KJ, et al. Prolonged apnea and cardiac arrhythmias in infants discharged from neonatal intensive care units: failure to predict an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics.\u20081982;70:844\u2013851","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.6.844"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southall DP, Stebbens VA, Rees SV, Lang MH, Warner JO, Shinebourne EA. Apnoeic episodes induced by smothering: two cases identified by covert video surveillance. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).\u20081987;294:1637\u20131641","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6588.1637"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuels M, Southall D. Diagnosis of recurrent suffocation of children. Lancet.\u20081992;340:787","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92324-9"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southall DP, Samuels MP. Ethical use of covert videoing for potentially life threatening child abuse: a response to Drs Foreman and Farsides. BMJ.\u20081993;307:613\u2013614","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6904.613"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuels MP, Southall DP. Video surveillance in diagnosis of intentional suffocation. Lancet.\u20081994;344:414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91444-3"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southall DP, Plunkett MC, Banks MW, Falkov AF, Samuels MP. Covert video recordings of life-threatening child abuse: lessons for child protection. Pediatrics.\u20081997;100:735\u2013760","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.5.735"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuels MP, Southall D. Recurrent apparent life threatening events and intentional suffocation. Arch Dis Child.\u20081999;81:189","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.2.189"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajanowski T, Vennemann M, Bohnert M, et al. Unnatural causes of sudden unexpected deaths initially thought to be sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Legal Med.\u20082005;119:213\u2013216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0538-8"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohnert M, Grosse Perdekamp M, Pollak S. Three subsequent infanticides covered up as SIDS. Int J Legal Med.\u20082005;119:31\u201334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-004-0458-z"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truman TL, Ayoub CC. Considering suffocatory abuse and Munchausen by proxy in the evaluation of children experiencing apparent life-threatening events and sudden infant death syndrome. Child Maltreat.\u20082002;7:138\u2013148","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559502007002006"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton J, Simpson A. Murder misdiagnosed as SIDS: a perpetrator's perspective. Arch Dis Child.\u20082001;85:454\u2013459","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.6.454"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boos SC. Constrictive asphyxia: a recognizable form of fatal child abuse. Child Abuse Negl.\u20082000;24:1503\u20131507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00196-4"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funayama M, Sagisaka K. Consecutive infanticides in Japan. Am J Forensic Med Pathol.\u20081988;9:9\u201311","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198803000-00003"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R24","unstructured":"Licensing hearing transcript. General Medical Council, United Kingdom. Case of David Southall. 2004"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R25","unstructured":"Licensing hearing transcript. General Medical Council, United Kingdom. Case of Samuel Roy Meadow. 2005"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R26","unstructured":"General Medical Council. Guide for referred doctors. Available at www.gmc-uk.org\/concerns\/complain\/guide_for_referred_doctors.asp. Accessed April 8, 2006"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R27","unstructured":"General Medical Council. Reforms. 2001. Available at: www.gmc-uk.org\/concerns\/reforms\/index.asp. Accessed April 8, 2006"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R28","unstructured":"Fleming P, Blair P, Bacon C, Berry J, eds. Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Infancy. 1st ed. London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office; 2000:159"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyen N, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM. Population-based recurrence risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with other infant and fetal deaths. Am J Epidemiol.\u20081996;144:300\u2013305","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008925"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irgens LM, Skjaerven R, Peterson DR. Prospective assessment of recurrence risk in sudden infant death syndrome siblings. J Pediatr.\u20081984;104:349\u2013351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)81093-8"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irgens LM, Oyen N, Skjaerven R. Recurrence of sudden infant death syndrome among siblings. Acta Paediatr Suppl.\u20081993;82(suppl 389):23\u201325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12869.x"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt CE. Sudden infant death syndrome and other causes of infant mortality: diagnosis, mechanisms, and risk for recurrence in siblings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.\u20082001;164:346\u2013357","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.3.9910045"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getahun D, Demissie K, Lu SE, Rhoads GG. Sudden infant death syndrome among twin births: United States, 1995\u20131998. J Perinatol.\u20082004;24:544\u2013551","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211140"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R34","unstructured":"Fleming P, et al, eds. Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Infancy. 1st ed. London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office; 2000:128"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R35","unstructured":"Beckwith JB. Discussion of terminology and definition of the sudden infant death syndrome. In: Bergman A, Beckwith JB, Ray C, eds. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Causes of Sudden Infant Death. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press; 1970"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krous HF, Beckwith JB, Byard RW, et al. Sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional and diagnostic approach. Pediatrics.\u20082004;114:234\u2013238","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.234"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willinger M, James LS, Catz C. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol.\u20081991;11:677\u2013684","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819109065465"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger D. Child abuse simulating \u201cnear-miss\u201d sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr.\u20081979;95:554\u2013556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80763-5"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Distinguishing sudden infant death syndrome from child abuse fatalities. Pediatrics.\u20082001;107:437\u2013441","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.437"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becroft DM, Thompson JM, Mitchell EA. Nasal and intrapulmonary haemorrhage in sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child.\u20082001;85:116\u2013120","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.2.116"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makar AF, Squier PJ. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: father as a perpetrator. Pediatrics.\u20081990;85:370\u2013373","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.3.370"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milroy CM. Munchausen syndrome by proxy and intra-alveolar haemosiderin. Int J Legal Med.\u20081999;112:309\u2013312","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050255"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin DM, McMillan CO, Helfaer MA, Christian CW. Pulmonary edema associated with child abuse: case reports and review of the literature. Pediatrics.\u20082001;108:769\u2013775","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.769"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcovitch H. Inexplicable pulmonary oedema. BMJ.\u20081989;298:1383","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6684.1383-c"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krous HF, Nadeau JM, Byard RW, Blackbourne BD. Oronasal blood in sudden infant death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol.\u20082001;22:346\u2013351","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200112000-00003"},{"key":"2021120823034842400_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadwick DL, Krous HF. Irresponsible expert testimony by medical experts in cases involving the physical abuse and neglect of children. Child Maltreat.\u20081997;2:315\u2013321","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559597002004004"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/117\/6\/2247\/1073660\/zpe00606002247.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/117\/6\/2247\/1073660\/zpe00606002247.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T16:06:39Z","timestamp":1683475599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/117\/6\/2247\/69533\/Meadow-Southall-and-the-General-Medical-Council-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-0429","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]}}}