{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:34:06Z","timestamp":1772134446755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES. Hawaii implemented routine infant hepatitis B vaccination in 1992 and required it for school entry in 1997. Previously, in 1989, a serologic survey among Hawaii school children in grades 1 to 3 indicated that 1.6% had chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and 2.1% had resolved infection. We conducted a follow-up survey to examine changes in hepatitis B virus infection rates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PATIENTS AND METHODS. This study was performed in Oahu, Hawaii, during the 2001\u20132002 school year among children in grades 2 and 3. Consenting parents\/guardians provided demographic information including place of birth. Participants were tested for serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus infection and their vaccination status was determined by reviewing school records. Rates of symptomatic acute hepatitis B among persons aged \u226419 years were calculated from cases reported from Hawaii to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1990 and 2004.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. Completed hepatitis B vaccination series were documented for 83% of the 2469 participants by age 18 months and for 97% by age 5 years. Past or present hepatitis B virus infection was detected among 6 participants (0.24%), including 1 (0.04%) with chronic infection and 5 (0.20%) with resolved infections. Compared with the 1989 survey, these prevalences represent declines of 97% and 90% in chronic and resolved hepatitis B virus infections, respectively. The incidence of symptomatic acute hepatitis B in Hawaii children and adolescents aged \u226419 years decreased from 4.5 cases per 100000 in 1990 to 0.0 during 2002\u20132004. To date, the last reported case in a child aged &amp;lt;15 years in Hawaii occurred in 1996.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS.. Hepatitis B virus infection has nearly been eliminated in Hawaii children born after universal infant hepatitis B vaccination was implemented. These findings suggest that hepatitis B prevention goals are being met through routine immunization and related prevention programs among US children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,2]],"date-time":"2006-10-02T17:04:22Z","timestamp":1159808662000},"page":"1403-1408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Near Elimination of Hepatitis B Virus Infections Among Hawaii Elementary School Children After Universal Infant Hepatitis B Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Perz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Joseph L.","family":"Elm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State of Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice I.","family":"Huggler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State of Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendi L.","family":"Kuhnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul V.","family":"Effler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State of Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822451997500_R1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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