{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T13:19:46Z","timestamp":1746710386597,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether adaptive responses made to the uterine or very early infant environment are affecting the current metabolic health of young children in the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS. Participants were 300 healthy children and their parents from the EarlyBird Diabetes Study cohort. Children were recruited from randomly selected schools at 5 years of age. Retrospective measures were maternal prepregnancy weight (n = 230), maternal fasting glucose levels at 28 weeks of pregnancy (n = 27), birth weight, and infant weight at ages 3 and 6 weeks. Prospective measures were insulin resistance, height, weight, and percentage of body fat (sum of 5 skinfold measurements) at ages 5, 6, 7, and 8 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. Maternal third-trimester fasting glucose levels were associated positively with birth weight but were not associated with either weight or insulin resistance for the same children at 8 years. Birth weight was unrelated to insulin resistance at 8 years. There were no relationships between weight change in the first weeks of life and weight, percentage of fat, or insulin resistance at 8 years. Longer breastfeeding correlated inversely, although weakly, with percentage of body fat for boys only. Current weight was correlated with insulin resistance at 8 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. For these contemporary children, neither the gestational environment nor early postnatal growth predicted insulin resistance, which was best predicted by current weight. There was no evidence that predictive adaptive responses made by the fetus or infant affected the child's weight or insulin resistance later in childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T21:17:38Z","timestamp":1157145458000},"page":"1118-1123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Little Evidence for Early Programming of Weight and Insulin Resistance for Contemporary Children: EarlyBird Diabetes Study Report 19"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Alison N.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad S.","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Hosking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda D.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"Wilkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120822564020200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobstein TJ, James WP, Cole TJ. Increasing levels of excess weight among children in England. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.\u20082003;27:1136\u20131138","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802324"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Consultation on Obesity. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidell JC. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes: a worldwide epidemic. Br J Nutr.\u20082000;83(suppl 1):S5\u2013S8","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450000088X"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagot-Campagna A. Emergence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: epidemiological evidence. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.\u20082000;13(suppl 6):1395\u20131402","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2000-s613"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gluckman P, Hanson M. The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2005","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139106955"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker DJ. The fetal and infant origins of adult disease. BMJ.\u20081990;301:1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker DJ. The Wellcome Foundation Lecture, 1994: the fetal origins of adult disease. Proc Biol Sci.\u20081995;262:37\u201343","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0173"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hales CN, Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia.\u20081992;35:595\u2013601","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowther NJ, Cameron N, Trusler J, et al. Association between poor glucose tolerance and rapid postnatal weight gain in seven-year-old children. Diabetologia.\u20081998;41:1163\u20131167","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051046"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal A, Lucas A. Early origins of cardiovascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis?Lancet.\u20082004;363:1642\u20131645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16210-7"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkin TJ, Metcalf BS, Murphy MJ, et al. The relative contributions of birth weight, weight change, and current weight to insulin resistance in contemporary 5-year-olds: the EarlyBird Study. Diabetes.\u20082002;51:3468\u20133472","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3468"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voss LD, Kirkby J, Metcalf BS, et al. Preventable factors in childhood that lead to insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome: the EarlyBird Diabetes Study 1. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.\u20082003;16:1211\u20131224","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2003.16.9.1211"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child.\u20081995;73:25\u201329","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.1.25"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gungor N, Saad R, Janosky J, et al. Validation of surrogate estimates of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in children and adolescents. J Pediatr.\u20082004;144:47\u201355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.09.045"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy MJ, Metcalf BS, Voss LD, et al. Girls at five are intrinsically more insulin resistant than boys: the programming hypotheses revisited: the EarlyBird Study (EarlyBird 6). Pediatrics.\u20082004;113:82\u201386","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.82"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Riddoch CJ, Page AS, et al. The association of birthweight and contemporary size with insulin resistance among children from Estonia and Denmark: findings from the European Youth Heart Study. Diabet Med.\u20082005;22:921\u2013930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01551.x"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong KK, Petry CJ, Emmett PM, et al. Insulin sensitivity and secretion in normal children related to size at birth, postnatal growth, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Diabetologia.\u20082004;47:1064\u20131070","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1405-8"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R18","unstructured":"Plymouth Primary Care Trust. Plymouth Child Health Registry. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Plymouth Primary Care Trust; 2000"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas A, Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ. Fetal origins of adult disease\u2014the hypothesis revisited. BMJ.\u20082001;323:572\u2013573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7312.572"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal A, Lucas A. Early origins of cardiovascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis?Lancet.\u20082004;363:1642\u20131645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16210-7"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal A, Fewtrell M, Cole TJ, Lucas A. Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm. Lancet.\u20082003;361:2248\u20132249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13759-2"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Breastmilk feeding and lipoprotein profile in adolescents born preterm: follow-up of a prospective randomised study. Lancet.\u20082004;363:1571\u20131578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16198-9"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal A, Cole TJ, Lucas A. Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomised trials. Lancet.\u20082001;357:413\u2013419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04004-6"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn P. Effect of litter size on plasma cholesterol and insulin and some liver and adipose tissue enzymes in adult rodents. J Nutr.\u20081984;114:1231\u20131234","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/114.7.1231"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R25","unstructured":"McCance RA. Food, growth and time. Lancet.\u20081962;2:271\u2013272"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plagemann A, Heidrich I, Gotz F, et al. Obesity and enhanced diabetes and cardiovascular risk in adult rats due to early postnatal overfeeding. Exp Clin Endocrinol.\u20081992;99:154\u2013158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211159"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, et al. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics.\u20082005;115:1367\u20131377","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1176"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, Summerbell CD. Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.\u20081999;23(suppl 8):S1\u2013S107","DOI":"10.1038\/sj\/ijo\/0800851"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capdevila F, Vizmanos B, Marti-Henneberg C. Implications of the weaning pattern on macronutrient intake, food volume and energy density in non-breastfed infants during the first year of life. J Am Coll Nutr.\u20081998;17:256\u2013262","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718756"},{"key":"2021120822564020200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinra S, Baumer JH, Davey-Smith G. Early growth and childhood obesity: a historical cohort study. Arch Dis Child.\u20082005;90:1122\u20131127","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.066712"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/1118\/1073462\/zpe00906001118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/1118\/1073462\/zpe00906001118.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T08:25:36Z","timestamp":1707207936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/118\/3\/1118\/69369\/Little-Evidence-for-Early-Programming-of-Weight"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-0740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-4005"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-4275"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}