{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:16:22Z","timestamp":1790410582667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Confirmed cases of childhood exposure to cyanide are rare despite multiple potential sources including inhalation of fire smoke, ingestion of toxic household and workplace substances, and ingestion of cyanogenic foods. Because of its infrequent occurrence, medical professionals may have difficulty recognizing cyanide poisoning, confirming its presence, and treating it in pediatric patients. The sources and manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning seem to be qualitatively similar between children and adults, but children may be more vulnerable than adults to poisoning from some sources. The only currently available antidote in the United States (the cyanide antidote kit) has been used successfully in children but has particular risks associated with its use in pediatric patients. Because hemoglobin kinetics vary with age, methemoglobinemia associated with nitrite-based antidotes may be excessive at standard adult dosing in children. A cyanide antidote with a better risk\/benefit ratio than the current agent available in the United States is desirable. The vitamin B12 precursor hydroxocobalamin, which has been used in Europe, may prove to be an attractive alternative to the cyanide antidote kit for pediatric patients. In this article we review the available data on the sources, manifestations, and treatment of acute cyanide poisoning in children and discuss unmet needs in the management of pediatric cyanide poisoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]],"date-time":"2006-11-02T18:04:44Z","timestamp":1162490684000},"page":"2146-2158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Pediatric Cyanide Poisoning: Causes, Manifestations, Management, and Unmet Needs"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Geller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and the Medical Toxicology Fellowship Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Barthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and the Medical Toxicology Fellowship Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Georgia Poison Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A.","family":"Saiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The WriteMedicine, Inc, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan H.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Consulting and Medical Translating Services, Inc, Elk Mountain, Wyoming"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120823215157700_R1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides: Human Health Aspects. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 61"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R2","unstructured":"Baskin SI, Brewer TG. Chapter 10: cyanide poisoning. Available at: www.bordeninstitute.army.mil\/cwbw\/Ch10.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2006"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarie Y. Toxicity of fire smoke. Crit Rev Toxicol.\u20082002;32:259\u2013289","DOI":"10.1080\/20024091064246"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betol E, Mari F, Orzalesi G, Volpato I. Combustion products from various kinds of fires: toxicological hazards from smoke exposure. Forensic Sci Int.\u20081983;22:111\u2013116","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(83)90002-6"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riordan M, Rylance G, Berry K. Poisoning in children 5: rare and dangerous poisons. Arch Dis Child.\u20082002;87:407\u2013410","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.5.407"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeoh MJ, Braitberg G. Carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning in fire-related deaths in Victoria, Australia. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.\u20082004;42:855\u2013863","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-200035211"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barillo DJ, Goode R, Esch R. Cyanide poisoning in victims of fire: analysis of 364 cases and review of the literature. J Burn Care Rehabil.\u20081994;15:46\u201357","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199401000-00010"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundquist P, Rammer L, Sorbo B. The role of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide in fire casualties: a prospective study. Forensic Sci Int.\u20081989;43:9\u201314","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(89)90116-3"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, et al. Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med.\u20081991;325:1761\u20131766","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112193252502"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R10","unstructured":"Walsh DW, Eckstein M. Hydrogen cyanide in fire smoke: an underappreciated threat. EMS Mag.\u20082004;(October):160\u2013163"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R11","unstructured":"Eckstein M. Cyanide as a chemical terrorism weapon. JEMS.\u20082004;29(8 suppl):22\u201331"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caravati EM, Litovitz TL. Pediatric cyanide intoxication and death from an acetonitrile-containing cosmetic. JAMA.\u20081988;260:3470\u20133473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.260.23.3470"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller RJ, Ekins BR, Iknoian RC. Cyanide toxicity from acetonitrile-containing false nail remover. Am J Emerg Med.\u20081991;9:268\u2013270","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90093-Y"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurt TL, Day LC, Reed G. Cyanide poisoning from glue-on nail remover. Am J Emerg Med.\u20081991;9:271\u2013272","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90094-Z"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losek JD, Rock AL, Boldt RR. Cyanide poisoning from a cosmetic nail remover. Pediatrics.\u20081991;88:337\u2013340","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.2.337"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlin CM. The treatment of cyanide poisoning in children. Pediatrics.\u20081970;46:793\u2013796","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.46.5.793"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieg A, Saxena K. Cyanide poisoning from metal cleaning solutions. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081987;16:582\u2013584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(87)80693-5"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R18","unstructured":"Dawood MY. Acute tapioca poisoning in a child. J Singapore Paediatr Soc.\u20081969;11:154\u2013158"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheok SS. Acute cassava poisoning in children in Sarawak. Trop Doct.\u20081978;8:99\u2013101","DOI":"10.1177\/004947557800800303"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akintonwa A, Tunwashe OL. Fatal cyanide poisoning from cassava-based meal. Hum Exp Toxicol.\u20081992;11:47\u201349","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719201100107"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R21","unstructured":"Ariffin WA, Choo KE, Karnaneedi S. Cassava (ubi kayu) poisoning in children. Med J Malaysia.\u20081992;47:231\u2013234"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R22","unstructured":"Espinoza OB, Perez M, Ramirez MS. Bitter cassava poisoning in eight children: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol.\u20081992;34:65"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R23","unstructured":"Ruangkanchanasetr S, Wananukul V, Suwanjutha S. Cyanide poisoning, 2 case reports and treatment review. J Med Assoc Thai.\u20081999;82(suppl 1):S162\u2013S171"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang SS, Chan YL, Wu ML, et al. Acute Cycas seed poisoning in Taiwan. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.\u20082004;42:49\u201354","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120028744"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies DW, Kadar D, Steward DJ, Munro IR. A sudden death associated with the use of sodium nitroprusside for induction of hypotension during anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J.\u20081975;22:547\u2013552","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03013407"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pershau RA, Modell JH, Bright RW, Shirley PD. Suspected sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication. Anesth Analg.\u20081977;56:533\u2013537","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197707000-00015"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humbert JR, Tress JH, Braico KT. Fatal cyanide poisoning: accidental ingestion of amygdalin. JAMA.\u20081977;238:482","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03280060026012"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortega JA, Creek JE. Acute cyanide poisoning following administration of laetrile enemas. J Pediatr.\u20081978;93:1059\u20131067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)81261-X"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall AH, Linden CH, Kulig K, Rumack BH. Cyanide poisoning from laetrile ingestion: role of nitrite therapy. Pediatrics.\u20081986;78:269\u2013272","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658608992592"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Reducing the number of deaths and injuries from residential fires. Pediatrics.\u20082000;105:1355\u20131357","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1355"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R31","unstructured":"CNN International. Paris apartment fire kills 7. Available at: http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/WORLD\/europe\/08\/30\/france.fire. Accessed February 10, 2006"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R32","unstructured":"Herranz M, Clerigue N. Poisoning in children: methaemoglobinaemia [in Spanish]. An Sist Sanit Navar.\u20082003;26(suppl 1):209\u2013213"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael JB, Sztanjnkrycer MD. Deadly pediatric poisons: nine common agents that kill at low doses. Emerg Med Clin North Am.\u20082004;22:1019\u20131050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2004.05.004"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R34","unstructured":"US Consumer Product Safety Commission Office of Compliance. Requirements under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act: labeling and banning requirements for chemicals and other hazardous substances. 15 UCS 1261 and 16 CFR Part 1500 (August 2002)"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, Whitney C. Severe cyanide poisoning from the ingestion of acetonitrile-containing cosmetic. Am J Emerg Med.\u20081991;9:264\u2013267","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90092-X"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R36","unstructured":"Speijers G. Cyanogenic glycosides. Available at: www.inchem.org\/documents\/jecfa\/jecmono\/v30je18.htm. Accessed June 10, 2006"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R37","unstructured":"Tylleska\u0308r T, Banea M, Bikangi N, Fresco L, Persson LA, Rosling H. Epidemiological evidence from Zaire for a dietary etiology of konzo, an upper motor neuron disease. Bull World Health Organ.\u20081991;69:581\u2013589"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R38","unstructured":"Mayambu B. Cassava Processing: Dietary Cyanide Exposure and Konzo in Zaire [masters thesis]. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University; 1993"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayre JW, Kaymakcalan S. Cyanide poisoning from apricot seeds among children in Central Turkey. N Engl J Med.\u20081964;270:1113\u20131118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196405212702109"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasch EE, El Shawa R. Multiple cases of cyanide poisoning by apricot kernels in children from Gaza. Pediatrics.\u20081981;68:5\u20137","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.68.1.5"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchard JR, Wallace KL, Gerkin RD. Acute cyanide toxicity caused by apricot kernel ingestion. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081998;32:742\u2013744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70077-0"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz V. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside, cyanide, thiosulphate and thiocyanate. Clin Pharmacokinet.\u20081984;9:239\u2013251","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198409030-00005"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R43","unstructured":"Iordache C, Azoicai D, Cristea A, et al. Ecological accident on the Siret river: an episode of cyanide poisoning in children [in Romanian]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi.\u20082002;107:319\u2013323"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R44","unstructured":"Me\u0301garbane B, Delahaye A, Goldgran-Tole\u0301dano D, Baud FJ. Antidotal treatment of cyanide poisoning. J Chin Med Assoc.\u20082003;66:193\u2013203"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R45","unstructured":"Dart RC, Bogdan GM. Acute cyanide poisoning: causes, consequences, recognition and management. Frontline First Responder.\u20082004;2:19\u201322"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez ER. Cyanide evades some noses, overpowers others. JAMA.\u20081982;248:2211","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330180005003"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk RL, Stenhouse NS. Ability to smell solutions of potassium cyanide. Nature.\u20081953;171:698\u2013699","DOI":"10.1038\/171698b0"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R48","unstructured":"Schragg TA, Albertson TE, Fisher CJ Jr. Cyanide poisoning after bitter almond ingestion. West J Med.\u20081982;136:65\u201369"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutlu GM, Leikin JB, Oh K, Factor P. An unresponsive biochemistry professor in the bathtub. Chest.\u20082002;122:1073\u20131076","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.3.1073"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baud FJ, Borron SW, Me\u0301garbane B, et al. Value of lactic acidosis in the assessment of the severity of acute cyanide poisoning. Crit Care Med.\u20082002;30:2044\u20132050","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200209000-00015"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R51","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry. Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2004"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch EL, Thomas TL. Pediatric considerations in chemical exposures: are we prepared?Pediatr Emerg Care.\u20082004;20:198\u2013208","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000117931.65522.48"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R53","unstructured":"Morris-Kukoski CL, Egland AG. Toxicity, deadly in a single dose. Available at: www.emedicine.com\/ped\/topic2726.htm. Accessed June 10, 2006"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert RJ, Kindler BL, Schaeffer DJ. The efficacy of superactivated charcoal exposed to a lethal oral dose of potassium cyanide. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081988;17:595\u2013598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80399-8"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce LL, Bominaar EL, Hill NC, Peterson J. Reversal of cyanide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by the auxiliary substrate nitric oxide: an endogenous antidote to cyanide poisoning?J Biol Chem.\u20082003;278:52139\u201352145","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310359200"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson WS, Hall AH, Rumack BH. Cyanide poisoning successfully treated without therapeutic methemoglobin levels. Am J Emerg Med.\u20081998;7:437\u2013440","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(89)90057-0"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R57","unstructured":"Hall AH, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Suspected cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation: complications of sodium nitrite therapy. J Toxicol Clin Exp.\u20081989;9:3\u20139"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Heijst AN, Douze JMC, van Kesteren RG, van Bergen JE, van Dijk A. Therapeutic problems in cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol.\u20081987;25:383\u2013398","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658708992641"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW. Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081993;22:1413\u20131418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81988-2"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones J, McMullen MJ, Dougherty J. Toxic smoke inhalation: cyanide poisoning in fire victims. Am J Emerg Med.\u20081987;5:317\u2013321","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(87)90360-3"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R61","unstructured":"Becker CE. The role of cyanide in fires. Vet Hum Toxicol.\u20081985;27:487\u2013490"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia R, Shepherd G. Cyanide poisoning and its treatment. Pharmacotherapy.\u20082004;24:1358\u20131365","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.14.1358.43149"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R63","unstructured":"Kerns W II, Isom G, Kirk MA. Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide. In: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RJ, Nelson LS, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th ed, San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill; 2002;1498\u20131514"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen KK, Rose RL, Clowes GHA. Methylene blue, nitrites, and sodium thiosulphate against cyanide poisoning. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.\u20081933;3:250\u2013251","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-31-7079P"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sylvester D, Hayton WL, Morgan RL, Way JL. Effects of thiosulfate on cyanide kinetics in dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.\u20081983;69:265\u2013271","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(83)90307-1"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R66","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Nitrate\/Nitrite Toxicity. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2001. ATSDR publication No. ATSDR-HE-CS-2002-0007"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson A, Engberg G, Henneberg S, Danielson K, De Verdier CH. Inverse relationship between age-dependent erythrocyte activity of methaemoglobin reductase and prilocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia during infancy. Br J Anaesth.\u20081990;64:72\u201376","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/64.1.72"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilmann B, Bardham KD, Bain JTB. The use of dicobalt edetate (Kelocyanor) in cyanide poisoning. Postgrad Med J.\u20081974;50:171\u2013174","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.50.581.171"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naughton M. Acute cyanide poisoning. Anaesth Intensive Care.\u20081974;2:351\u2013356","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X7400200410"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans CL. Cobalt compounds as antidotes for hydrocyanic acids. Br J Pharmacol.\u20081964;23:455\u2013475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1964.tb01603.x"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauer SW, Keim ME. Hydroxocobalamin: improved public health readiness for cyanide disasters. Ann Emerg Med.\u20082001;37:635\u2013641","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.114315"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astier A, Baud FJ. Complexation of intracellular cyanide by hydroxocobalamin using a human cellular model. Hum Exp Toxicol.\u20081996;15:19\u201325","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601500104"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg MP, Merkus P, Romeijn SG, Verhoef JC, Merkus FW. Hydroxocobalamin uptake into the cerebrospinal fluid after nasal and intravenous delivery in rats and humans. J Drug Target.\u20082003;11:325\u2013331","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860310001640075"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mushett CW, Kelly KL, Boxer GE, Richards JC. Antidotal efficacy of vitamin B12 (hydroxo-cobalamin) in experimental cyanide poisoning. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.\u20081952;81:234\u2013237","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-81-19831"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R75","unstructured":"Hantson P, Benaissa L, Baud F. Smoke poisoning [in French]. Presse Med.\u20081999;28:1949\u20131954"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R76","unstructured":"Pill J, Engeser P, Hobel M, Kreye VA. Sodium nitroprusside: comparison of the antidotal effect of hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulfate in rabbits. Dev Toxicol Environ Sci.\u20081980;8:423\u2013426"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R77","unstructured":"Mizoule J. Study of the Action of Hydroxocobalamin in Regards to Cyanide Poisoning [doctoral thesis; in French]. Paris, France: Faculte de Pharmacie de l'Universite de Paris; 1966:1\u2013178"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R78","unstructured":"Faure J, Vincent M, Benabid AL, Chirossel JP, Levy JC, Yacoub M. Hydroxocobalamin treatment of hypercyanemia and hypercyanuria following sciatic nerve compression in rabbits [in French]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1977;171:1221\u20131226"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent M, Vincent F, Marka C, Faure J. Cyanide and its relationship to nervous suffering: physio-pathological aspects of intoxication. Clin Toxicol.\u20081981;18:1519\u20131527","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658108990360"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posner MA, Rodkey FL, Tobey RE. Nitroprusside-induced cyanide poisoning: antidotal effect of hydroxocobalamin. Anesthesiology.\u20081976;44:330\u2013335","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197604000-00011"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krapez JR, Vesey CJ, Adams L, Cole PV. Effects of cyanide antidotes used with sodium nitroprusside infusions: sodium thiosulphate and hydroxocobalamin given prophylactically to dogs. Br J Anaesth.\u20081981;53:793\u2013804","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/53.8.793"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose CL, Worth RM, Chen KK. Hydroxo-cobalamine and acute cyanide poisoning in dogs. Life Sci.\u20081965;4:1785\u20131798","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(65)90241-9"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivankovich AD, Braverman B, Kanuru RP, Heyman HJ, Paulissian R. Cyanide antidotes and methods of their administration in dogs: a comparative study. Anesthesiology.\u20081980;52:210\u2013216","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198003000-00004"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R84","unstructured":"Paulet G, Olivier M. On the subject of the therapeutic value of hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning [in French]. Ann Pharm Fr.\u20081963;21:133\u2013137"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R85","unstructured":"Paulet G. On the subject of the treatment of cyanide poisoning with the cobalt chelates [in French]. Urgence Med Chir.\u20081965;II:611\u2013613"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsyth JC, Mueller PD, Becker CE, et al. Hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote: safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.\u20081993;31:277\u2013294","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659309000395"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R87","unstructured":"Borron S, Me\u0301garbane B, Baud FJ. Hydroxocobalamin is an effective antidote in severe acute cyanide poisoning in man [abstract]. Int J Toxicol.\u20082004;23:399\u2013400"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bromley J, Hughes BG, Leong DC, Buckley NA. Life-threatening interaction between complementary medicines: cyanide toxicity following ingestion of amygdalin and vitamin C. Ann Pharmacother.\u20082005;39:1566\u20131569","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E634"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R89","unstructured":"Fortin JL, Waroux S, Ruttimann M, Astaud C, Kowalski JJ. Hydroxocobalamin for poisoning caused by ingestion of potassium cyanide: a case study [abstract]. Clin Toxicol.\u20082005;43:731"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng TI, Fang CC, Lin SM, Chen WJ. Elevated plasma cyanide level after hydroxocobalamin infusion for cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med.\u20082004;22:492\u2013493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.06.004"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haouach H, Fortin JL, LaPostolle F. Prehospital use of hydroxocobalamin in children exposed to fire smoke [abstract]. Ann Emerg Med.\u20082005;46:S30. Abstract 102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.06.116"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R92","unstructured":"Borron SW, Baud FJ. Acute cyanide poisoning: Clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and treatment. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol.\u20081996;47:307\u2013322"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R93","unstructured":"Bismuth C, Cantineau JP, Pontal P, Baud F, Garnier R, Poulos L. Priority of oxygenation in cyanide poisoning: regarding 25 cases [in French]. Presse Med.\u20081984;13:2493\u20132497"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall AH, Rumack BH. Hydroxycobalamin\/sodium thiosulfate as a cyanide antidote. J Emerg Med.\u20081987;5:115\u2013121","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(87)90074-6"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borron SW, Barriot P, Imbert M, Baud FJ. Hydroxocobalamin for empiric treatment of smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: results of a prospective study in the prehospital setting [abstract]. Ann Emerg Med.\u20082005;46(3 suppl):S77. Abstract 275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.06.288"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R96","unstructured":"Fortin JL, Ruttiman M, Domanski L, Kowalski JJ. Hydroxocobalamin: treatment for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: meeting the needs of fire victims. JEMS.\u20082004;29(8 suppl):18\u201321"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R97","unstructured":"Santiago I. Gas poisoning [in Spanish]. An Sist Sanit Navar.\u20082003;26(suppl 1):173\u2013180"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R98","unstructured":"Lau FL. Emergency management of poisoning in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J.\u20082000;6:288\u2013292"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R99","unstructured":"Kukori Y, Endo Y, Madono K, et al. Antidotes not approved in Japan: imported antidotes for the Kyushu\/Okinawa Summit [in Japanese]. Jpn J Toxicol.\u20082001;14:259\u2013267"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R100","unstructured":"M\u00f8eller S, Hemmingsen C. Science and practice: case reports\u2014cyanide poisoning [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger.\u20082003;165:2579\u20132580"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R101","unstructured":"Personne M, Kulling P. Vitamin B12 variant for cyanide poisoning: hydroxocobalamin, new effective antidote [in Swedish]. Lakartidningen.\u20081997;94:877\u2013878"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R102","unstructured":"Breton D, Jouvet P, de Blic J, Delacourt C, Hubert P. Toxicity of fire smoke: Regarding two pediatric cases [in French]. Arch Fr Pediatr.\u20081993;50:43\u201345"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curry SC, Connor DA, Raschke RA. Effect of the cyanide antidote hydroxocobalamin on commonly ordered serum chemistry studies. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081994;24:65\u201367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70164-4"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyworth-Smith D, Hogan PG. Allergy to hydroxycobalamin, with tolerance of cyanocobalamin. Med J Aust.\u20082002;177:162\u2013163","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04709.x"},{"key":"2021120823215157700_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco-Ferreira M, Clode MH, Pereira-Barbosa MA, Palma-Carlos AG. Anaphylactic reaction to hydroxycobalamin. Allergy.\u20081997;52:118\u2013119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02561.x"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/5\/2146\/1116480\/zpe01106002146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/118\/5\/2146\/1116480\/zpe01106002146.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T16:33:44Z","timestamp":1683650024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/118\/5\/2146\/69947\/Pediatric-Cyanide-Poisoning-Causes-Manifestations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-1251","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]}}}