{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:52:53Z","timestamp":1789645973591,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES. The goals were to (1) compare the causes, clinical presentation, and prevalence of acute renal failure in pediatric rhabdomyolysis with the published data for adults; (2) determine predictors of acute renal failure in pediatric patients with rhabdomyolysis; and (3) explore the relationship of acute renal failure with treatment modalities such as fluid and bicarbonate administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS. We performed a retrospective chart review to identify patients with creatinine kinase levels of &amp;gt;1000 IU\/L who were treated in the emergency department of a tertiary pediatric hospital between 1993 and 2003, and we constructed regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS. Two hundred ten patients were studied. One hundred ninety-one patients met study eligibility (128 male and 63 female), with a median age of 11 years. The most common documented symptoms were muscle pain (45%), fever (40%), and symptoms of viral infection (39%). The most common causes of pediatric rhabdomyolysis were viral myositis (38%), trauma (26%), and connective tissue disease (5%). Six of 37 patients with creatinine kinase levels of \u22656000 IU\/L had previously undiagnosed dermatomyositis or hereditary metabolic disease, compared with 10 of 154 patients with creatinine kinase levels of 1000 to 5999 IU\/L. Nine of 191 patients developed acute renal failure. None of 99 patients with initial urinary heme dipstick results of &amp;lt;2+ developed acute renal failure, compared with 9 of 44 patients with urinary heme dipstick results of \u22652+. Higher initial creatinine kinase levels and higher fluid administration rates were associated with higher maximal creatinine levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. The cause of acute pediatric rhabdomyolysis is different from that of adult rhabdomyolysis. The risk of acute renal failure in children is much less than the risk reported for adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]],"date-time":"2006-11-02T13:04:44Z","timestamp":1162472684000},"page":"2119-2125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Acute Pediatric Rhabdomyolysis: Causes and Rates of Renal Failure"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Mannix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Lin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120823220999500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bywaters EG, Beall D. Crush injuries with impairment of renal function. Br Med J.\u20081941;1:427\u2013432","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4185.427"},{"key":"2021120823220999500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bywaters EG, Stead J. The production of renal failure following injection of solution containing myohaemoglobin. Q J Exp Physiol.\u20081944;33:53\u201370","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1944.sp000896"},{"key":"2021120823220999500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabow PA, Kaehny WD, Kelleher SP. The spectrum of rhabdomyolysis. Medicine.\u20081982;61:141\u2013152","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198205000-00002"},{"key":"2021120823220999500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Annu Rev Med.\u20081982;33:435\u2013443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.33.020182.002251"},{"key":"2021120823220999500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koffler A, Friedler RM, Massry SG. Acute renal failure due to nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. 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