{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:36:34Z","timestamp":1787870194864,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. The goal was to describe the frequency, characteristics, and correlates of infectious disease morbidity during the first 6 months of life among HIV-1\u2013exposed but uninfected infants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS. The study population consisted of infants enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study who were HIV-1 uninfected and had follow-up data through the 6-month study visit. Definitive and presumed infections were recorded at study visits (birth, 6\u201312 weeks, and 6 months).<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. Of 462 HIV-1\u2013uninfected infants with 11644 child-weeks of observation, 283 experienced \u22651 infection. These 283 infants experienced 522 infections (1.8 infections per infant). The overall incidence rate of infections was 4.5 cases per 100 child-weeks of observation. Overall, the most common infections were skin or mucous membrane infections (1.9 cases per 100 child-weeks) and respiratory tract infections (1.7 cases per 100 child-weeks). Thirty-six percent of infants had &amp;gt;1 respiratory tract infection (1.8 cases per 100 child-weeks). Incidence rates of upper and lower respiratory tract infections were similar (0.89 cases per 100 child-weeks and 0.9 cases per 100 child-weeks, respectively). Cutaneous and\/or oral candidiasis occurred in 48 neonates (10.3%) and 92 older infants (19.3%). Early neonatal sepsis was diagnosed in 12 infants (26.0 cases per 1000 infants). Overall, 81 of 462 (17.5%) infants were hospitalized with an infection. Infants with lower respiratory tract infections were hospitalized frequently (40.7%). The occurrence of \u22651 neonatal infection was associated with more-advanced maternal HIV-1 disease, tobacco use during pregnancy, infant anemia, and crowding. Lower maternal CD4+ cell counts, receipt of intrapartum antibiotic treatment, and country of residence were associated with postneonatal infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Close monitoring of HIV-1\u2013exposed infants, especially those who are anemic at birth or whose mothers have more-advanced HIV-1 disease or who smoked during pregnancy, remains important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T01:18:51Z","timestamp":1171329531000},"page":"e694-e704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Infectious Disease Morbidity Among Young HIV-1\u2013Exposed But Uninfected Infants in Latin American and Caribbean Countries: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Marisa M.","family":"Mussi-Pinhata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sao Paulo, Ribeira\u0303o Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Freimanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparecida Y.","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sao Paulo, Ribeira\u0303o Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Korelitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria L. S.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo H.","family":"Losso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Agudos Jose Maria Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Center for Research for Mothers and Children, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120901552313100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Young Infants Study Group. 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