{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:13:43Z","timestamp":1789514023034,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. A low mean birth weight is a constant finding in pregnancies of women with homozygous sickle cell disease. The factors responsible are largely unknown and have now been investigated in an 11-year retrospective analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS. Records for 126 pregnancies of mothers with homozygous sickle cell disease and 126 pregnancies of control women with an AA phenotype, matched according to age and date of delivery, were examined. Events during pregnancy and outcomes of pregnancy were recorded.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. Pregnancy outcomes for mothers with homozygous sickle cell disease confirmed the lower birth weight, gestational age, and placental weight. A low birth weight in infants of mothers with homozygous sickle cell disease was strongly related to gestational age and placental weight and weakly related to reticulocyte counts and a history of preeclampsia in univariate analyses, but only gestational age and placental weight remained significant in multivariate analyses. No relationships were seen with maternal age, parity, anthropometric features, other hematologic features (hemoglobin levels, fetal hemoglobin levels, mean cell volume, and \u03b1-thalassemia), pregnancy-induced hypertension, or prepartum hospital admissions (expressed as number or total days). Compared with Jamaican standards, birth weight was affected more than head circumference or length in infants of mothers with homozygous sickle cell disease, indicating asymmetric growth retardation, which occurred for 27% of boys and 38% of girls (compared with 4% and 9%, respectively, among infants of control mothers).<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. A chronic condition such as homozygous sickle cell disease might have been expected to cause symmetric growth retardation throughout pregnancy. The finding of asymmetric retardation might indicate adverse factors emerging late in pregnancy and might have relevance for the poor pregnancy outcomes in such mothers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,31]],"date-time":"2007-08-31T16:34:17Z","timestamp":1188578057000},"page":"e686-e693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Mechanisms of Low Birth Weight in Infants of Mothers With Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Minerva","family":"Thame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Child Health, University of the West Indies, Mona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Child Health, University of the West Indies, Mona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Trotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Child Health, University of the West Indies, Mona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hambleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Centre, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Barbados, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Serjeant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sickle Cell Trust, Kingston, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120902264016100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris JS, Dunn DT, Poddar D, Serjeant GR. Haematological risk factors for pregnancy outcome in Jamaican women with homozygous sickle cell disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol.\u20081994;101:770\u2013773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11944.x"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith JA, Espeland M, Bellevue R, Bonds D, Brown AK, Koshy M. Pregnancy in sickle cell disease: experience of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Obstet Gynecol.\u20081996;87:199\u2013204","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00367-3"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R3","unstructured":"Charache S, Scott J, Niebyl J, Bonds D. Management of sickle cell disease in pregnant patients. Obstet Gynecol.\u20081980;55:407\u2013410"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serjeant GR, Look Loy L, Crowther M, Hambleton IR, Thame M. Outcome of pregnancy in homozygous sickle cell disease. Obstet Gynecol.\u20082004;103:1278\u20131285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000127433.23611.54"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE. Sickle Cell Disease. 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2001","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02557.x"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gueri M, Justin P, Sorhaindo B. Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in pregnant women: a reference table of weight-for-height by week of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20081982;35:609\u2013616","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.3.609"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betke K, Marti HR, Schlicht HI. Estimation of small percentages of foetal haemoglobin. Nature.\u20081959;184:1877\u20131878","DOI":"10.1038\/1841877a0"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winichagoon P, Higgs DR, Goodbourn SEY, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Wasi P. The molecular basis of \u03b1-thalassaemia in Thailand. EMBO J.\u20081984;3:1813\u20131818","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02051.x"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LO. A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age. J Pediatr.\u20081967;71:159\u2013163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(67)80066-0"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samms-Vaughan M, Thame M, Osmond C, et al. Growth curves for normal Jamaican neonates. W Ind Med J.\u20082006;55:368\u2013374","DOI":"10.1590\/S0043-31442006000600002"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20082000;183:S1\u2013S22","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.107928"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steer P, Ash Alam M, Wadsworth J, Welch A. Relation between maternal haemoglobin concentration and birth weight in different ethnic groups. Br Med J.\u20081995;310:489\u2013491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6978.489"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra M, Sharma JB, Batra S, Sharma S, Murthy NS, Arora R. Maternal and perinatal outcome in varying degrees of anemia. Int J Obstet Gynecol.\u20082002;79:93\u2013100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00225-4"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bondevik GT, Lie RT, Ulstein M, Kvale G. Maternal hematological status and risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery in Nepal. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.\u20082001;80:402\u2013408","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080005402.x"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geelhoed D, Agadzi F, Visser L, et al. Maternal and fetal outcome after severe anaemia in pregnancy in rural Ghana. Acta Obstet Gynecol.\u20082006;85:49\u201355","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340500334794"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R16","unstructured":"Blankson ML, Goldenberg RL, Cutter G, Cliver SP. The relationship between maternal hematocrit and pregnancy outcome: black-white differences. J Natl Med Assoc.\u20081993;85:130\u2013134"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy JF, O'Riordan J, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet.\u20081986;1:992\u2013995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91269-9"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu ZM, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Cutter G, Blankson ML. The relationship between maternal hematocrit and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol.\u20081991;77:190\u2013194","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199102000-00005"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billett HH, Langer O, Regan OT, Merkatz I, Anyaegbunam A. Doppler velocimetry in pregnant patients with sickle cell anemia. Am J Hematol.\u20081993;42:305\u2013308","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830420311"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thame M, Osmond C, Wilks RJ, Bennett FI, Forrester T. Second-trimester placental volume and infant size at birth. Obstet Gynecol.\u20082001;98:279\u2013283","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200108000-00017"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trampont P, Roudier M, Andrea AM, et al. The placental-umbilical unit in sickle cell disease pregnancy: a model for studying in vivo functional adjustments to hypoxia in humans. Hum Pathol.\u20082004;35:1353\u20131359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.07.003"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruenwald P. Growth of the human fetus, part II: abnormal growth in twins and infants of mothers with diabetes, hypertension, or isoimmunization. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081966;94:1120\u20131132","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(66)90775-7"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell S, Thoms A. Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol.\u20081977;84:165\u2013174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1977.tb12550.x"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin C-C, Su S-J, River LP. Comparison of associated high-risk factors and perinatal outcome between symmetric and asymmetric fetal intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081991;164:1535\u20131542","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)91433-W"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crane JP, Kopta MM. Comparative newborn anthropometric data in symmetric versus asymmetric intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081980;135:518\u2013522","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)90279-3"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer MS, Olivier M, McLean FH, Dougherty GE, Willis DM, Usher RH. Determinants of fetal growth and body proportionality. Pediatrics.\u20081990;86:18\u201326","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.1.18"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vik T, Vatten L, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS. Prenatal growth in symmetric and asymmetric small-for-gestational-age infants. Early Hum Dev.\u20081997;48:167\u2013176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(96)01852-X"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todros T, Plazzotta C, Pastorin L. Body proportionality of the small-for-date fetus: is it related to aetiological factors?Early Hum Dev.\u20081996;45:1\u20139","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(95)01717-8"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colley NV, Tremble JM, Henson GL, Cole TJ. Head circumference\/abdominal circumference ratio, ponderal index and fetal malnutrition: should head circumference\/abdominal circumference ratio be abandoned?Br J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081991;98:524\u2013527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb10363.x"},{"key":"2021120902264016100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ. Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol.\u20082000;96:321\u2013327","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200009000-00001"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/120\/3\/e686\/1120255\/zpe0090700e686.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/120\/3\/e686\/1120255\/zpe0090700e686.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T23:51:06Z","timestamp":1684021866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/120\/3\/e686\/71185\/The-Mechanisms-of-Low-Birth-Weight-in-Infants-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-2768","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]}}}