{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:13:33Z","timestamp":1791274413788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES. Development of asthma in children is influenced by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. It is unclear whether paternal or maternal histories of disease confer different risks. Previous population-based studies have not stratified analyses by child gender and sensitization status. Our aim was to study in detail the hereditary component of childhood asthma.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS. A population-based cohort of 3430 (97% of invited) 7- to 8-year-old school children participated in an expanded International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood survey, and two thirds were skin-prick tested. Heredity was defined as a family history of (1) asthma and (2) atopy (allergic rhinitis or eczema). Multivariate analyses corrected for known risk factors for asthma.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. At ages 7 to 8, prevalence of asthma was 5.3% among the children and 9.0% among the parents. In children without parental asthma or parental atopy, the prevalence of asthma was 2.8%. Corrected for parental asthma, parental atopy was a weak but significant risk factor. There were minor differences in the impact of parental disease between sensitized and nonsensitized children and between boys and girls.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. As risk factors for childhood asthma, there were major differences between parental asthma and parental atopy. Sibling asthma was only a marker of parental disease. Interactions between parental disease and the child's allergic sensitization or gender were not statistically significant. Asthma in both parents conferred a multiplicative risk, whereas the effect of parental atopy was additive, however limited. Asthma and atopy, despite their causal relationship, are separate entities and could be inherited differently. This large, population-based, and well-characterized cohort study does not confirm parent-of-origin effects found in previous studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T17:11:46Z","timestamp":1191258706000},"page":"741-748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Family History of Asthma and Atopy: In-depth Analyses of the Impact on Asthma and Wheeze in 7- to 8-Year-Old Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Bjerg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lulea\u030a, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University of Umea\u030a, Umea\u030a, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnea","family":"Hedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lulea\u030a, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Perzanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lulea\u030a, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Lundba\u0308ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lulea\u030a, Sweden"},{"name":"Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ro\u0308nmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lulea\u030a, Sweden"},{"name":"Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120902311706500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peat JK, van den Berg RH, Green WF, Mellis CM, Leeder SR, Woolcock AJ. Changing prevalence of asthma in Australian children. BMJ.\u20081994;308:1591\u20131596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6944.1591"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesselmar B, A\u030aberg B, Eriksson B, A\u030aberg N. Asthma in children: prevalence, treatment, and sensitization. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.\u20082000;11:74\u201379","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2000.00070.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zo\u0308llner IK, Weiland SK, Piechotowski I, et al. No increase in the prevalence of asthma, allergies, and atopic sensitisation among children in Germany: 1992\u20132001. Thorax.\u20082005;60:545\u2013548","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.029561"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med.\u20082003;349:1414\u20131422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022363"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perzanowski MS, Ro\u0308nmark E, Platts-Mills TAE, Lundba\u0308ck B. Effect of cat and dog ownership on sensitization and development of asthma among preteenage children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.\u20082002;166:696\u2013702","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2201035"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, et al. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.\u20082005;172:1253\u20131258","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200504-525OC"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u0308cklund AB, Perzanowski MS, Platts-Mills T, Sandstro\u0308m T, Lundba\u0308ck B, Ro\u0308nmark E. Asthma during primary school ages: prevalence, remission and the impact of allergic sensitisation. Allergy.\u20082006;61:549\u2013555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01027.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson NM, Dore CJ, Silverman M. Factors relating to the severity of symptoms at 5 yrs in children with severe wheeze in the first 2 yrs of life. Eur Respir J.\u20081997;10:346\u2013353","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10020346"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almqvist C, Egmar AC, van Hage-Hamsten M, et al. Heredity, pet ownership, and confounding control in a population-based birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20082003;111:800\u2013806","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1334"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withers NJ, Low L, Holgate ST, Clough JB. The natural history of respiratory symptoms in a cohort of adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.\u20081998;158:352\u2013357","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.2.9705079"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csonka P, Kaila M, Laippala P, Kuusela AL, Ashorn P. Wheezing in early life and asthma at school age: predictors of symptom persistence. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.\u20082000;11:225\u2013229","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2000.00088.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crestani E, Guerra S, Wright AL, Halonen M, Martinez FD. Parental asthma as a risk factor for the development of early skin test sensitization in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20082004;113:284\u2013290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.11.009"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alford SH, Zoratti E, Peterson EL, Maliarik M, Ownby DR, Johnson CC. Parental history of atopic disease: disease pattern and risk of pediatric atopy in offspring. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20082004;114:1046\u20131050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.08.036"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u0308nmark E, Jo\u0308nsson E, Platts-Mills T, Lundba\u0308ck B. Different pattern of risk factors for atopic and nonatopic asthma among children: report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study. Allergy.\u20081999;54:926\u2013935","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00044.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linneberg A, Simonsen JB, Petersen J, Stensballe LG, Benn CS. Differential effects of risk factors on infant wheeze and atopic dermatitis emphasize a different etiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20082006;117:184\u2013189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.042"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u0308nmark E, Perzanowski M, Platts-Mills T, Lundba\u0308ck B. Four-year incidence of allergic sensitization among schoolchildren in a community where allergy to cat and dog dominates sensitization: report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20082003;112:747\u2013754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(03)01866-9"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke W, Fesinmeyer M, Reed K, Hampson L, Carlsten C. Family history as a predictor of asthma risk. Am J Prev Med.\u20082003;24:160\u2013169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00589-5"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cookson W. Genetics and genomics of asthma and allergic diseases. Immunol Rev.\u20082002;190:195\u2013206","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2002.19015.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullinan P, MacNeill SJ, Harris JM, et al. Early allergen exposure, skin prick responses, and atopic wheeze at age 5 in English children: a cohort study. Thorax.\u20082004;59:855\u2013861","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.019877"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u0308nmark E, Jo\u0308nsson E, Platts-Mills TAE, Lunda\u0308ck B. Incidence and remission of asthma in schoolchildren. Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Pediatrics.\u20082001;107(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/107\/3\/e37","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.e37"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, et al. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J.\u20081995;8:483\u2013491","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R22","unstructured":"Dreborg S, Backman A, Basomba A, Bousquet J, Malling D. Skin tests used in type I allergy testing. Position paper of European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy.\u20081989;44(suppl 10):1\u201359"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u0308nmark E, Perzanowski M, Platts-Mills T, Lundba\u0308ck B. Different sensitization profile for asthma, rhinitis, and eczema among 7\u20138-year-old children: report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden studies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.\u20082003;14:91\u201399","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2003.00042.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mele\u0301n E, Kere J, Pershagen G, Svartengren M, Wickman M. Influence of male sex and parental allergic disease on childhood wheezing: role of interactions. Clin Exp Allergy.\u20082004;34:839\u2013844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01957.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dold S, Wjst M, von Mutius E, Reitmeir P, Stiepel E. Genetic risk for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dis Child.\u20081992;67:1018\u20131022","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.8.1018"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller RL, Chew GL, Bell CA, et al. Prenatal exposure, maternal sensitization, and sensitization in utero to indoor allergens in an inner-city cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.\u20082001;164:995\u20131001","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.6.2011107"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u030aberg N, Sundell J, Eriksson B, Hesselmar B, A\u030aberg B. Prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren in relation to family history, upper respiratory infections, and residential characteristics. Allergy.\u20081996;51:232\u2013237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00073.x"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedman L, Ba\u0308cklund AB, Perzanowski M, Sundberg S, Ronmark E. Factors related to tobacco use among teenagers. Respir Med.\u20082007;101:496\u2013502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.001"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman A, Stern H. The difference between \u201csignificant\u201d and \u201cnot significant\u201d is not itself statistically significant. Am Stat.\u20082006;60:328\u2013331","DOI":"10.1198\/000313006X152649"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spergel JM, Paller AS. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20082003;112(suppl):118\u2013127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.033"},{"key":"2021120902311706500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying S, Humbert M, Barkans J, et al. Expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein product by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, and mast cells in bronchial biopsies obtained from atopic and nonatopic (intrinsic) asthmatics. J Immunol.\u20081997;158:3539\u20133544","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3539"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/120\/4\/741\/1176393\/zpe01007000741.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/120\/4\/741\/1176393\/zpe01007000741.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T08:56:26Z","timestamp":1684054586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/120\/4\/741\/71291\/Family-History-of-Asthma-and-Atopy-In-depth"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-3742","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]}}}