{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:12:15Z","timestamp":1792062735273,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND. Parents of children with autism have significant out-of-pocket expenditures related to their child's care. The impact of having a child with autism on household income is not known.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to estimate the loss of household income associated with childhood autism using a nationally representative sample.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>METHODS. Parents of 11684 children enrolled in kindergarten to eighth grade were surveyed by the National Household Education Survey-After School Programs and Activities in 2005. An autism spectrum disorder was defined as an affirmative response to the questions, \u201chas a health professional told you that [child] has any of the following disabilities? 1) autism? 2) pervasive developmental disorder or PDD?\u201d There were 131 children with autism spectrum disorder in the sample and 2775 children with other disabilities. We used ordinal logistic regression analyses to estimate the expected income of families of children with autism given their education level and demographic characteristics and compared the expected income with their reported income.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Both having a child with autism spectrum disorder and having a child with other disabilities were associated with decreased odds of living in a higher income household after controlling for parental education, type of family, parental age, location of the household, and minority ethnicity. The average loss of annual income associated with having a child with autism spectrum disorder was $6200 or 14% of their reported income.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSION. Childhood autism is associated with a substantial loss of annual household income. This likely places a significant burden on families in the face of additional out-of-pocket expenditures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T20:25:58Z","timestamp":1207081558000},"page":"e821-e826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Association of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders and Loss of Family Income"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Montes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Institute, Rochester, New York"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill S.","family":"Halterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Institute, Rochester, New York"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120902122597800_R1","unstructured":"Chambers JG, Shkolnik J, Perez M. Total Expenditures for Students With Disabilities, 1999\u20132000: Spending Variation by Disability. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs; 2003"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ja\u0308rbrink K, Fombonne E, Knapp M. Measuring the parental, service and cost impacts of children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord.\u20082003;33(4):395\u2013402","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025058711465"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liptak GS, Stuart T, Auinger P. Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: data from US national samples. J Autism Dev Disord.\u20082006;36(7):871\u2013879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0119-9"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croen LA, Najjar DV, Ray GT, Lotspeich L, Bernal P. A comparison of health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in a large group-model health plan. Pediatrics.\u20082006;118(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/118\/4\/e1203","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0127"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newacheck PW, Inkelas M, Kim SE. Health services use and health care expenditures for children with disabilities. Pediatrics.\u20082004;114(1):79\u201385","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.79"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R6","unstructured":"Hagedorn M, Montaquila J, Carver P, O'Donnell K, Chapman C. National Household Education Surveys Program of 2005: Public Use Data File User's Manual, Volume I, Study Overview and Methodology. Washington, DC: US Department of Education; 2006"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R7","unstructured":"Hagedorn M, Montaquila J, Carver P, O'Donnell K, Chapman C. National Household Education Surveys Program of 2005: Public Use Data File User's Manual, Volume III, After-School Programs and Activities Survey. Washington, DC: US Department of Education; 2006"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 2006","DOI":"10.1037\/e615712007-001"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenzweig JM, Brennan EM, Ogilvie AM. Work-family fit: voices of parents of children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Social Work.\u20082002;47(4):415\u2013424","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/47.4.415"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R10","unstructured":"Gallimore R, Weisner TS, Bernheimer LP, Guthrie D, Nihira K. Family responses to children with developmental delays: accommodation activity in ecological and cultural context. Am J Ment Retard.\u20081993;98(2):185\u2013206"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis S, Kagan C, Heaton P. Managing work-family diversity for parents of disabled children. Personnel Review.\u20082000;29(3):417\u2013430","DOI":"10.1108\/00483480010324797"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montes G, Halterman JS. Characteristics of school-age children with autism. J Dev Behav Pediatr.\u20082006;26(5):375\u2013385","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200610000-00002"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micali N, Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. The broad autism phenotype: findings from an epidemiological survey. Autism.\u20082004;8(1):21\u201337","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361304040636"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mental health in the United States: parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4\u201317 years\u2013United States, 2003\u20132004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082006;55(17):481\u2013486"},{"key":"2021120902122597800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montes G, Halterman JS. Psychological functioning and coping among mothers of children with autism: a population-based study. Pediatrics.\u20082006;119(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/119\/5\/e1040","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2819"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/4\/e821\/1122545\/zpe0040800e821.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/4\/e821\/1122545\/zpe0040800e821.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T10:00:27Z","timestamp":1639044027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/121\/4\/e821\/70859\/Association-of-Childhood-Autism-Spectrum-Disorders"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-1594","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]}}}