{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:26:37Z","timestamp":1791239197044,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"Supplement_3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Puberty-timing measures have historically been used as indicators of adequate nutrition and growth. More recently, these measures have been examined in relation to exposure to estrogenic or antiandrogenic agents, as well as other environmental factors. The scientific community has debated whether puberty timing is occurring earlier today than in the mid-1900s in the United States and, if so, whether environmental factors play a role; however, no one has asked a multidisciplinary panel to resolve this question. Thus, a multidisciplinary expert panel jointly sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and Serono Symposia International was convened to examine the evidence of a secular trend, identify potential environmental factors of concern, and identify research needs regarding environmental factors and puberty timing at \u201cThe Role of Environmental Factors on the Timing and Progression of Puberty\u201d workshop. The majority of the panelists concluded that the girls' data are sufficient to suggest a secular trend toward earlier breast development onset and menarche from 1940 to 1994 but that the boys' data are insufficient to suggest a trend during this same period. The weight-of-the-evidence evaluation of human and animal studies suggest that endocrine-disrupting chemicals, particularly the estrogen mimics and antiandrogens, and body fat are important factors associated in altered puberty timing. A change in the timing of puberty markers was considered adverse from a public health perspective. The panel recommended research areas to further our understanding of the relationships among environmental factors, puberty-timing outcomes, and other reproductive and adult disease at the individual and population levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T18:55:35Z","timestamp":1201892135000},"page":"S167-S171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Role of Environmental Factors in the Timing of Puberty"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Susan Y.","family":"Euling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry G.","family":"Selevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ora Hirsch","family":"Pescovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels E.","family":"Skakkebaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820363314700_R1","unstructured":"Bowditch HP. Eighth Annual Report. Boston, MA: Massachusetts State Board of Health; 1877"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R2","unstructured":"Backman G. Accelerated development in girls: premature menarche, delayed menopause, extended lifespan. [in German]. Acta Anat (Basel).\u20081948;4:421\u2013480"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zacharias L, Wurtman RJ. Age at menarche: genetic and environmental influences. N Engl J Med.\u20081969;280(16):868\u2013875","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196904172801606"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyshak G, Frisch RE. Evidence of a secular trend in age of menarche. N Engl J Med.\u20081982;306(17):1033\u20131035","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198204293061707"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rockett JC, Lynch CD, Buck GM. Biomarkers for assessing reproductive development and health: part 1\u2014pubertal development. Environ Health Perspect.\u20082004;112(1):105\u2013112","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6265"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds EL, Wines JV. Individual differences in physical changes associated with adolescence in girls. Am J Dis Child.\u20081948;75:329\u2013350","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1948.02030020341006"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R7","unstructured":"Tanner JM. Growth at Adolescence. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1962"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child.\u20081969;44(235):291\u2013303","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child.\u20081970;45(239):13\u201323","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.13"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, et al. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network. Pediatrics.\u20081997;99(4):505\u2013512","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.4.505"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A. Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart. Pediatrics.\u20082003;111(4 pt 1):844\u2013850","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.844"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Kahn LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics.\u20082002;110(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/110\/4\/e43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.e43"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R13","unstructured":"Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Greenlund KJ, Berenson GS. Secular trend of earlier onset of menarche with increasing obesity in black and white girls: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Ethn Dis.\u20081999;9(2):181\u2013189"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman-Giddens ME, Kaplowitz PB, Wasserman R. Navigating the recent articles on girls' puberty in Pediatrics: what do we know and where do we go from here?Pediatrics.\u20082004;113(4):911\u2013917","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.911"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chumlea WC, Shubert CM, Roche AF, et al. Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls. Pediatrics.\u20082003;111(1):110\u2013113","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.110"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun S, Schubert CM, Chumlea WC, et al. National estimates of the timing of sexual maturation and racial differences among US children. Pediatrics.\u20082002;110(5):911\u2013919","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.5.911"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun SS, Schubert CM, Liang R, et al. Is sexual maturity occurring earlier among U.S. children?J Adolesc Health.\u20082005;37(5):345\u2013355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.10.009"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman-Giddens ME, Wang L, Koch G. Secondary sexual characteristics in boys: estimates from the national health and nutrition examination survey III, 1988\u20131994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082001;155(9):1022\u20131028","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.9.1022"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpati AM, Rubin CH, Kieszak SM, Marcus M, Troiano RP. Stature and pubertal stage assessment in American boys: the 1988\u20131994 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Adolesc Health.\u20082002;30(3):205\u2013212","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00320-2"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharpe RM, Skaakebaek NE. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?Lancet.\u20081993;341(8857):1392\u20131395","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90953-E"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den Hond E, Roels HA, Hoppenbrouwers K, et al. Sexual maturation in relation to polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons: Sharpe and Skakkebaek's hypothesis revisited. Environ Health Perspect.\u20082002;110(8):771\u2013776","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110771"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman JM, Laws SC, Balchak SK, Cooper RL, Kavlock RJ. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid activity in the female rat\u2014a focus on the EDSTAC recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol.\u20082000;30(2):135\u2013196","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440091159185"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoker TE, Parks LG, Gray LE, Cooper RL. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid function in the male rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations. Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee. Crit Rev Toxicol.\u20082000;30(2):197\u2013252","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440091159194"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang RY, Needham LL, Barr DB. Effects of environmental agents on the attainment of puberty: considerations when assessing exposure to environmental chemicals in the National Children's Study. Environ Health Perspect.\u20082005;113(8):1100\u20131107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7615"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck Louis GM, Gray LE Jr, Marcus M, et al. Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs. Pediatrics.\u20082008;121(2 suppl):S192\u2013S207","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.1813E"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwary CM. Premature sexual development in children following the use of estrogen- or placenta-containing hair products. Clin Pediatr (Phila).\u20081998;37(12):733\u2013739","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289803701204"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felner EI, White PC. Prepubertal gynecomastia: indirect exposure to estrogen cream. Pediatrics.\u20082000;105(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/105\/4\/e55","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.e55"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R28","unstructured":"Frisch RE, Revelle R, Cook S. Components of weight at menarche and the initiation of the adolescent growth spurt in girls: estimated total body water, lean body weight and fat. Hum Biol.\u20081973;45(3):469\u2013483"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garn SM, LaVelle M, Pilkington JJ. Comparison of fatness in premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls of the same age. J Pediatr.\u20081983;103(2):328\u2013331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80379-5"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slyper AH. The pubertal timing controversy in the US, and a review of possible causative factors for the advance in timing of onset of puberty. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).\u20082006;65(1):1\u20138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02539.x"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischbein S. Onset of puberty in MX and DZ twins. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma).\u20081977;26(2):151\u2013158","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000009946"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R32","unstructured":"Kaprio J, Rimpela A, Winter T, Viken RJ, Rimpela M, Rose RJ. Common genetic influences on BMI and age at menarche. Hum Biol.\u20081995;67(5):739\u2013753"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eaves L, Silberg J, Foley D, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on the relative timing of pubertal change. Twin Res.\u20082004;7(5):471\u2013481","DOI":"10.1375\/1369052042335278"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu T, Mendola P, Buck GM. Ethnic differences in the presence of secondary sex characteristics and menarche among US girls: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994. Pediatrics.\u20082002;110(4):752\u2013757","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.752"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R35","unstructured":"Kolata G. Doubters fault theory finding earlier puberty. New York Times. February 20,\u20082001:A1\u2013A6"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R36","unstructured":"Kolata G. Two endocrinology groups raise doubt on earlier onset of girls' puberty. New York Times. March 3,\u20082001:A10"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplowitz PB, Oberfield SE; Drug and Therapeutics and Executive Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the United States: implications for evaluation and treatment. Pediatrics.\u20081999;104(4 pt 1):936\u2013941","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.936"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Euling SY, Herman-Giddens ME, Lee PA, et al. Examination of US puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: panel findings. Pediatrics.\u20082008;121(2 suppl):S172\u2013S191","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813D"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplowitz PB. The link between body fat and the timing of puberty. Pediatrics.\u20082008;121(2 suppl):S208\u2013S217","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813F"},{"key":"2021120820363314700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub MS, Collman GW, Foster MD, et al. Public health implications of altered puberty timing. Pediatrics.\u20082008;121 (2 suppl):S218\u2013S230","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813G"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/Supplement_3\/S167\/890344\/zpe6020800s167.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/Supplement_3\/S167\/890344\/zpe6020800s167.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:39:51Z","timestamp":1639010391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/121\/Supplement_3\/S167\/29261\/Role-of-Environmental-Factors-in-the-Timing-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-1813c","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}}}