{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1791264508514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. The goal was to investigate the epidemiologic features of antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in general practice in the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>METHODS. A total of 384 participating general practices from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database were used to identify patients 0 to 18 years of age who were prescribed \u22651 antipsychotic medication between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2005. Annual age-specific prevalences and incidences of antipsychotic prescribing were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. The overall prevalence of use of all antipsychotics increased from 1992 (0.39 users per 1000 patient-years) to 2005 (0.77 users per 1000 patient-years). The prescribing prevalence for patients 7 to 12 years of age almost tripled between 1992 (0.23 users per 1000 patient-years) and 2005 (0.61 users per 1000 patient-years). Atypical antipsychotic prescribing increased 60-fold from 1994 (0.01 users per 1000 patient-years) to 2005 (0.61 users per 1000 patient-years). However, typical antipsychotic prescribing decreased significantly from 2000 (0.44 users per 1000 patient-years) to 2005 (0.18 users per 1000 patient-years). The incidences for typical and atypical antipsychotics showed trends similar to those of the respective prevalences. However, the overall incidence (number of new starters) for all antipsychotics was relatively stable between 1992 and 2005, which suggests that patients remain on treatment longer.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. The overall prevalence of antipsychotics almost doubled between 1992 and 2005; however, the rate of increase was much lower than the reported figures in the United States. The prescribing of atypical antipsychotic drugs has increased despite the lack of conclusive evidence showing their superiority over older conventional antipsychotics. Additional investigation is required to evaluate their efficacy and safety in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T14:30:12Z","timestamp":1209652212000},"page":"1002-1009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Epidemiologic Features of Antipsychotic Prescribing to Children and Adolescents in Primary Care in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Fariz","family":"Rani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, England"},{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macey L.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, England"},{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England"},{"name":"Task-force of European Drug Development for the Young (TEDDY)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London, England"},{"name":"Maudsley National Health Service Trust, Beckenham, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, England"},{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120908260738200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramble D. Annotation: the use of psychotropic medications in children: a British view. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20082003;44(2):169\u2013179","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00111"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frangou S, Byrne P. How to manage the first episode of schizophrenia. BMJ.\u20082000;321(7260):522\u2013523","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7260.522"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson L, Campbell M, Grega D, Perry R, Small A, Green W. Haloperidol in the treatment of infantile autism: effects on learning and behavioral symptoms. Am J Psychiatry.\u20081984;141(10):1195\u20131202","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.10.1195"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R4","unstructured":"Naruse H, Nagahata M, Nakane Y, Shirahashi K, Takesada M, Yamazaki K. A multi-center double-blind trial of pimozide (Orap), haloperidol and placebo in children with behavioral disorders, using crossover design. Acta Paedopsychiatr.\u20081982;48(4):173\u2013184"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro E, Shapiro A, Fulop G, et al. Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081989;46(8):722\u2013730","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810080052006"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malone R, Sheikh R, Zito J. Novel antipsychotic medications in the treatment of children and adolescents. Psychiatr Serv.\u20081999;50(2):171\u2013174","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.2.171"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng-Shannon J, McGough J, Pataki C, McCracken J. Second-generation antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.\u20082004;14(3):372\u2013394","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2004.14.372"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuBois D. Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer?Curr Opin Pediatr.\u20082005;17(2):227\u2013233","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mop.0000151714.87702.a9"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddad P, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. Drugs.\u20082004;64(20):2291\u20132314","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464200-00003"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-related QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drugs.\u20082002;62(11):1649\u20131671","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262110-00006"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armenteros JL, Davies M. Antipsychotics in early onset schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.\u20082006;15(3):141\u2013148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-005-0515-2"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirm E, Tobi H, Zito JM, de Jong-van den Berg LTW. Psychotropic medication in children: a study from the Netherlands. Pediatrics.\u20082001;108(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/108\/2\/e25","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e25"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper WO, Hickson GB, Fuchs C, Arbogast PG, Ray WA. New users of antipsychotic medications among children enrolled in TennCare. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082004;158(8):753\u2013759","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.8.753"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olfson M, Blanco C, Liu L, Moreno C, Laje G. National trends in the outpatient treatment of children and adolescents with antipsychotic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20082006;63(6):679\u2013685","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.6.679"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutcliffe AG, Wong ICK. Rational prescribing for children. BMJ.\u20082006;332(7556):1464\u20131465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7556.1464"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong ICK, Murray ML, Camilleri-Novak D, Stephens P. Increased prescribing trends of paediatric psychotropic medications. Arch Dis Child.\u20082004;89(12):1131\u20131132","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.050468"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R17","unstructured":"Hollowell J. The General Practice Research Database: quality of morbidity data. Popul Trends.\u20081997;87(87):36\u201340"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood L, Martinez C. The General Practice Research Database: role in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf.\u20082004;27(12):871\u2013881","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427120-00004"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R19","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. The General Practice Research Database. Available at: www.gprd.com. Accessed June 27, 2006"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R20","unstructured":"Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. 54th ed. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 2007"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey JM, Sawyer MG. Are psychostimulant drugs being used appropriately to treat child and adolescent disorders?Br J Psychiatry.\u20082003;182(4):284\u2013286","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.4.284"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R22","unstructured":"Committee on Safety of Medicines. Thioridazine: restricted indications and new warnings on cardiotoxicity. Available at: www.info.doh.gov.uk\/doh\/embroadcast.nsf\/f011981a95f31f4180256c07003d34a0\/fc5d1f63a16da86b80256dad00480816?OpenDocument. Accessed June 13, 2006"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coghill D. Current issues in child and adolescent psychopharmacology, part 2: anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders, autism, Tourette's and schizophrenia. Adv Psychiatr Treat.\u20082003;9:289\u2013299","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.9.4.289"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet.\u20082006;368(9531):210\u2013215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69041-7"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray ML, de Vries CS, Wong ICK. A drug utilisation study of antidepressants in children and adolescents using the General Practice Research Database. Arch Dis Child.\u20082004;89(12):1098\u20131102","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.064956"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R26","unstructured":"Committee on Safety of Medicines. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: use in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Available at: www.info.doh.gov.uk\/doh\/embroadcast.nsf\/0\/183a970c6d74afad80256df800330c99\/$FILE\/CEM2003-20.doc. Accessed June 22, 2006"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittington CJ, Kendall T, Fonagy P, Cottrell D, Cotgrove A, Boddington E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. Lancet.\u20082004;363(9418):1341\u20131345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16043-1"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stigler KA, Potenza MN, McDougle CJ. Tolerability profile of atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs.\u20082001;3(12):927\u2013942","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-200103120-00005"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell EG, Russell LG, Mountford J, Miller LG, Cleary PD, Blumenthal D. A national survey of physician-industry relationships. N Engl J Med.\u20082007;356(17):1742\u20131750","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064508"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R30","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care: clinical guideline 1, December 2002. Available at: guidance.nice.org.uk\/CG1\/niceguidance\/pdf\/English. Accessed April 17, 2007"},{"key":"2021120908260738200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoliu L, Crawford T. Prescribing practices of general practitioners for children with mental health problems. Child Adolesc Mental Health.\u20082002;7(3):128\u2013130","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-3588.00023"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/5\/1002\/1175425\/zpe00508001002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/5\/1002\/1175425\/zpe00508001002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:49:27Z","timestamp":1639104567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/121\/5\/1002\/73439\/Epidemiologic-Features-of-Antipsychotic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-2008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]}}}