{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1776308794190,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children with osteopenia or osteoporosis and to evaluate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and bone parameters, including bone mineral density.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and other bone markers, as well as bone mineral density, were obtained for 85 pediatric patients with primary osteoporosis (caused by osteogenesis imperfecta or juvenile idiopathic osteoporosis) and secondary osteopenia or osteoporosis caused by various underlying chronic illnesses. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the relationship between vitamin D levels and different bone parameters.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Vitamin D insufficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D &amp;lt;30 ng\/mL) was observed in 80.0% of patients. Overt vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D &amp;lt;10 ng\/mL) was present in 3.5% of patients. Using a more recent definition for vitamin D deficiency in adults (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D &amp;lt;20 ng\/mL), 21.1% of the patients had vitamin D deficiency. There was a significant inverse correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels. There was a positive correlation between 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, and urine markers for bone turnover.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Vitamin D insufficiency was remarkably common in pediatric patients with primary and secondary osteopenia or osteoporosis. The inverse relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels suggests a physiologic impact of insufficient vitamin D levels that may contribute to low bone mass or worsen the primary bone disease. We suggest that monitoring and supplementation of vitamin D should be a priority in the management of pediatric patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,2]],"date-time":"2008-06-02T14:15:50Z","timestamp":1212416150000},"page":"e1585-e1590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency in Children With Osteopenia or Osteoporosis Referred to a Pediatric Metabolic Bone Clinic"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Sasigarn A.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Endocrinology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee F.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus Children's Hospital\/Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxane","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus Children's Hospital\/Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Mahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus Children's Hospital\/Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905434423300_R1","unstructured":"Ben-Mekhbi H. Rickets and vitamin D deficiency. In: Holick MF, ed. Vitamin D. Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Application. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1999:273\u2013286."},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med.\u20081992;327(23):1637\u20131642","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272305"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson-Hughes B, Haris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med.\u20081997;337(10):670\u2013676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371003"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinyamu HK, Gallagher JC, Fafferty KA, Balhorn KE. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in elderly woman: effect on serum parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20081998;67(2):342\u2013348","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.2.342"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gloth FM, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JG, Tobin JD. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA.\u20081995;274(21):1683\u20131686","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.274.21.1683"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeBoff MS, Kohlmeier L, Hurwitz S, Franklin J, Wright J, Glowacki J. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA.\u20081999;281(16):1505\u20131511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.16.1505"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahota O, Masud T, San P, Hosking DJ. Vitamin D insufficiency increases bone turnover markers and enhances bone loss at the hip in patients with established vertebral osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).\u20081999;51(2):217\u2013221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00764.x"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: Implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr.\u20082005;135(2):317\u2013322","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.317"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieth R, Ladak Y, Walfish PG. Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20082003;88(1):185\u2013191","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021064"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heaney R, Dowell M, Hale C, Bendich A. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr.\u20082003;22(2):142\u2013146","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719287"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff-Ferrari H, Dietrich T, Orav E, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25(OH)D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med.\u20082004;116(9):634\u2013639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.12.029"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20082006;84(1):18\u201328","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.18"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapuy MC, Preqiosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Meunier PJ. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int.\u20081997;7(5):439\u2013443","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050030"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna MJ, Freaney R. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: means to defining hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int.\u20081998;8(suppl 2):S3\u2013S6","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00022725"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malabanan A, Veronikis IE, Holick MF. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet.\u20081998;351(9105):805\u2013806","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78933-9"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med.\u20082007;357(3):266\u2013281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris SS, Soteriades E, Coolidge JA, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism in a low income, multiracial, elderly population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20082000;85(11):4125\u20134130","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.11.4125"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med.\u20081998;338(12):777\u2013783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803193381201"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Docio S, Riancho JA, Perez A, Olmos JM, Amado JA, Gonzallez-Macias J. Seasonal deficiency of vitamin D in children: a potential target for osteoporosis preventing strategies. J Bone Miner Res.\u20081998;13(4):544\u2013548","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.544"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillemant J, Le Taupin HT, Taright N, Alemandou A, Peris G, Guillemant S. Vitamin D status during puberty in French healthy male adolescents. Osteoporos Int.\u20081999;10(3):222\u2013225","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050219"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillemant J, Cabrol S, Allemandou A, Peres G, Guillemant S. Vitamin D dependent seasonal variation of PTH in growing male adolescents. Bone.\u20081995;17(6):513\u2013516","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00401-7"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehtonen-Veromaa M, Mottonen T, Irjala D, Karkkainen M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Hakola P, Viikari J. Vitamin D intake is low and hypovitaminosis D common in healthy 9- to 15- year-old Finnish girls. Eur J Clin Nutr.\u20081999;53(9):746\u2013751","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600844"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Nabulsi M, Choucair M, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in healthy schoolchildren. Pediatrics.\u20082001;107(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/107\/4\/e53","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.e53"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangpricha V, Pearce EN, Chen TC, Holick MF. Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults. Am J Med.\u20082002;112(8):659\u2013662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01091-4"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southard RN, Morris JD, Mahan JD, et al. Bone mass in healthy children: measurement with quantitative DXA. Radiology.\u20081991;179(3):735\u2013738","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.3.2027984"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng FL, Shults J, Herskovitz RM, Zemel BS, Leonard MB. Vitamin D insufficiency in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in remission. Pediatr Nephrol.\u20082005;20(1):56\u201353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1694-7"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams JS, Kantorovich V, Wu C, Javanbakht M, Hollis BW. Resolution of vitamin D insufficiency in osteopenic patients results in rapid recovery of bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20081999;84(8):2729\u20132730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.8.2729"},{"key":"2021120905434423300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA.\u20082005;293(18):2257\u20132264","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.18.2257"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/6\/e1585\/1123111\/zpe006080e1585.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/121\/6\/e1585\/1123111\/zpe006080e1585.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T23:24:42Z","timestamp":1639092282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/121\/6\/e1585\/72706\/Prevalence-of-Vitamin-D-Deficiency-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-2111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]}}}