{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T22:29:19Z","timestamp":1787178559955,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND. The Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity trial demonstrated that peripheral retinal ablation of eyes with high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (early treatment) is associated with improved visual outcomes at 9 months' corrected gestational age compared with treatment at threshold disease (conventional management). However, early treatment increased the frequency of laser therapy, anesthesia with intubation, treatment-related systemic complications, and the need for repeat treatments.<\/jats:p><jats:p>OBJECTIVE. To determine the cost-effectiveness of an early treatment strategy for retinopathy of prematurity compared with conventional management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>DESIGN\/METHODS. We developed a stochastic decision analytic model to assess the incremental cost of early treatment per eye with severe visual impairment prevented. We derived resource-use and efficacy estimates from the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity trial's published outcome data. We used a third-party payer perspective. Our primary analysis focused on outcomes from birth through 9 months' corrected gestational age. A secondary analysis used a lifetime horizon. Parameter uncertainty was quantified by using probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. The incremental cost-effectiveness of early treatment was $14200 per eye with severe visual impairment prevented. There was a 90% probability that the cost-effectiveness of early treatment would be less than $40000 per eye with severe visual impairment prevented and a 0.5% probability that early treatment would be cost-saving (less costly and more effective). Limiting early treatment to more severely affected eyes (eyes with \u201ctype 1 retinopathy of prematurity\u201d as defined by the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity trial) had a cost-effectiveness of $6200 per eye with severe visual impairment prevented. Analyses that considered long-term costs and outcomes found that early treatment was cost-saving.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Early treatment of retinopathy of prematurity is both efficacious and economically desirable. Because of the high lifetime costs of severe visual impairment, the early treatment strategy provides long-term cost savings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T15:58:03Z","timestamp":1230566283000},"page":"262-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Kamholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia H.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Computing, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A. F.","family":"Zupancic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905091072600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good WV, Hardy RJ, Dobson V, et al. The incidence and course of retinopathy of prematurity: findings from the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study. Pediatrics.\u20082005;116(1):15\u201323","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1413"},{"key":"2021120905091072600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheatley CM, Dickinson JL, Mackey DA, Craig JE, Sale MM. Retinopathy of prematurity: recent advances in our understanding. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.\u20082002;87(2):F78\u2013F82","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.2.F78"},{"key":"2021120905091072600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasman W, Brown GC, Naidoff M, et al. Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Preliminary results. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol.\u20081988;106(4):471\u2013479","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060130517027"},{"key":"2021120905091072600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. One-year outcome\u2013structure and function. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. 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