{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:58:34Z","timestamp":1791176314087,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND. Adverse drug events in children from cough and cold medications have been identified as a public health issue with clinical and policy implications. Nationally representative morbidity data could be useful for targeting age-appropriate safety interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>OBJECTIVE. To describe emergency department visits for adverse drug events from cough and cold medications in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>METHODS. Emergency department visits for adverse drug events attributed to cough and cold medications among children aged &amp;lt;12 years were identified from a nationally representative stratified probability sample of 63 US emergency departments from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2005.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS. Annually, an estimated 7091 patients aged &amp;lt;12 years were treated in emergency departments for adverse drug events from cough and cold medications, accounting for 5.7% of emergency department visits for all medications in this age group. Most visits were for children aged 2 to 5 years (64%). Unsupervised ingestions accounted for 66% of estimated emergency department visits, which was significantly higher than unsupervised ingestions of other medications (47%), and most of these ingestions involved children aged 2 to 5 years (77%). Most children did not require admission or extended observation (93%).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Timely national surveillance data can help target education, enforcement, and engineering strategies for reducing adverse events from cough and cold medications among children. Engineering innovations could be particularly helpful in addressing unsupervised ingestions, which is the most frequent cause of adverse events. These innovations could be applicable to other children's medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,29]],"date-time":"2008-01-29T01:54:00Z","timestamp":1201571640000},"page":"783-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Adverse Events From Cough and Cold Medications in Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam L.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Budnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120902141485600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kogan MD, Pappas G, Yu SM, Kotelchuck M. Over-the-counter medication use among US preschool-age children. JAMA.\u20081994;272(13):1025\u20131030","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.13.1025"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R2","unstructured":"Slone Epidemiology Center. Patterns of medication use in the United States: 2006. Available at: www.bu.edu\/slone\/SloneSurvey\/AnnualRpt\/SloneSurveyWebReport2006.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder K, Fahey T. Should we advise parents to administer over the counter cough medicines for acute cough? Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dis Child.\u20082002;86(3):170\u2013175","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.3.170"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R4","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Nonprescription drug advisory committee meeting: cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use\u2014October 18 and 19, 2007. Available at: www.fda.gov\/ohrms\/dockets\/ac\/07\/briefing\/2007-4323b1-02-FDA.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infant deaths associated with cough and cold medications: two states, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u20082007;56(1):1\u20134"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R6","unstructured":"Sharfstein JM et al. Petition to the FDA: March 1, 2007. Available at: http:\/\/baltimorehealth.org\/press\/FDA%20petition%20PDF.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R7","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, FDA News. Advisory committees recommend against cough and cold medications in children under 6. Available at: http:\/\/fdanews.com\/newsletter\/article?issueId=10894&articleId=100077. Accessed October 30, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R8","unstructured":"Consumer Healthcare Products Association. Statement from the Consumer Healthcare Products Association on today's joint FDA Advisory Committee recommendations regarding pediatric over-the-counter cough and cold medicines. Available at: www.chpa-info.org\/ChpaPortal\/PressRoom\/NewsReleases\/2007\/07_20_CHPA_Ad_Comm_Statement.htm. Accessed October 20, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Weidenbach KN, Mendelsohn AB, Schroeder TJ, Annest JL. National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA.\u20082006;296(15):1858\u20131866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.15.1858"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhung MA, Budnitz DS, Mendelsohn AB, et al. Evaluation and overview of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System\u2013Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance Project (NEISS-CADES). Med Care.\u20082007;45(10 suppl 2):S96\u2013S102","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318041f737"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R11","unstructured":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Tips to Prevent Poisonings. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/ncipc\/factsheets\/poisonprevention.htm. Accessed October 31, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers GB. The safety effects of child-resistant packaging for oral prescription drugs: two decades of experience. JAMA.\u20081996;275(21):1661\u20131665","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.21.1661"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R13","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) information page. Available at: www.fda.gov\/cder\/drug\/infopage\/ppa. Accessed October 30, 2007"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R14","unstructured":"NPR\/Kaiser Family Foundation\/Harvard School of Public Health. Children's OTC Cold Medicines: The Public, and Parents Weigh In. Available at: www.kff.org\/kaiserpolls\/upload\/7726.pdf. Accessed January 3, 2008"},{"key":"2021120902141485600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharfstein JM, North M, Serwint JR. Over the counter but no longer under the radar: pediatric cough and cold medications. 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