{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:33:32Z","timestamp":1781793212044,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES. Deep venous thrombosis in children is frequently related to central venous lines. Study objectives were to determine objectively the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in children with short-term central venous lines and to assess the diagnostic value of venography, venous ultrasonography, and echocardiography, in a prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS. Consecutive children with congenital heart disease requiring short-term central venous lines in the upper venous system were screened systematically for deep venous thrombosis by using venography, venous ultrasonography, and echocardiography, according to standardized protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS. The study population consisted of 90 children (median age: 2.7 years; range: birth to 18 years). Most central venous lines (97%) were located in the jugular veins. The overall incidence of deep venous thrombosis was 25 cases (28%) among 90 children. Venography identified deep venous thrombosis located in the subclavian and central veins but missed most deep venous thrombosis in the jugular veins. Venous ultrasonography had good sensitivity in the jugular veins but did not detect deep venous thrombosis in central veins. Echocardiography detected only 1 case of central deep venous thrombosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of central venous line-related deep venous thrombosis in children with short-term central venous lines is high and comparable to reports for children with long-term central venous lines. Sensitivities of venography, venous ultrasonography, and echocardiography in children vary depending on the affected venous segment. A combination of diagnostic tests is required for sensitive detection of central venous line-related deep venous thrombosis in the upper venous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T09:23:01Z","timestamp":1228123381000},"page":"1284-1291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Incidence and Diagnosis of Thrombosis in Children With Short-Term Central Venous Lines of the Upper Venous System"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hanslik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Thom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Haumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Kitzmu\u0308ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleima","family":"Albinni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Wolfsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Salzer-Muhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Male","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820201946600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew M, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood.\u20081994;83(5):1251\u20131257","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.5.1251.1251"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt B, Andrew M. Neonatal thrombosis: report of a prospective Canadian and international registry. Pediatrics.\u20081995;96(5):939\u2013943","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.5.939"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak-Go\u0308ttl U, von Kries R, Gobel U. Neonatal symptomatic thromboembolism in Germany: two year survey. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.\u20081997;76(3):F163\u2013F167","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.76.3.F163"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Ommen CH, Heijboer H, Bu\u0308ller HR, Hirasing RA, Heijmans HS, Peters M. Venous thromboembolism in childhood: a prospective two-year registry in the Netherlands. J Pediatr.\u20082001;139(5):676\u2013681","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.118192"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revel-Vilk S, Chan A, Bauman M, Massicotte P. Prothrombotic conditions in an unselected cohort of children with venous thromboembolic disease. J Thromb Haemost.\u20082003;1(5):915\u2013921","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00158.x"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massicotte MP, Dix D, Monagle P, Adams M, Andrew M. Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in children: analysis of the Canadian Registry of Venous Thromboembolic Complications. J Pediatr.\u20081998;133(6):770\u2013776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70149-0"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R7","unstructured":"Andrew M, Monagel P, Brooker LA. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolic events. In: Andrew M, Monagel P, Brooker LA, eds. Thromboembolic Complications During Infancy and Childhood. Hamilton, Canada: Decker; 2000:111\u2013146"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Male C, Kuhle S, Mitchell L. Diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in children. Semin Thromb Hemost.\u20082003;29(4):377\u2013390","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-42588"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaser DW, Medeiros D, Rollins N, Buchanan GR. Catheter-related thrombosis in children with cancer. J Pediatr.\u20082001;138(2):255\u2013259","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.111272"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massicotte P, Julian JA, Gent M, et al. An open-label randomized controlled trial of low molecular weight heparin for the prevention of central venous line-related thrombotic complications in children: the PROTEKT trial. Thromb Res.\u20082003;109(2\u20133):101\u2013108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(03)00099-9"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hull R, Hirsh J, Sackett DL, et al. Clinical validity of a negative venogram in patients with clinically suspected venous thrombosis. Circulation.\u20081981;64(3):622\u2013625","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.64.3.622"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lensing AW, Bu\u0308ller HR, Prandoni P, et al. Contrast venography, the gold standard for the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis: improvement in observer agreement. Thromb Haemost.\u20081992;67(1):8\u201312","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648130"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Brandjes D, et al. Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med.\u20081989;320(6):342\u2013345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198902093200602"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haire WD. Arm vein thrombosis. Clin Chest Med.\u20081995;16(2):341\u2013351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)01097-2"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prandoni P, Polistena P, Bernardi E, et al. Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and complications. Arch Intern Med.\u20081997;157(1):57\u201362","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.157.1.57"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Male C, Chait P, Ginsberg JS, et al. Comparison of venography and ultrasound for the diagnosis of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in the upper body in children: results of the PARKAA study. Thromb Haemost.\u20082002;87(4):593\u2013598","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613054"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0308ksoy C, Kuzu A, Kutlay J, Erden I, Ozcan H, Ergin K. The diagnostic value of colour Doppler ultrasound in central venous catheter related thrombosis. Clin Radiol.\u20081995;50(10):687\u2013689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)83313-6"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel MC, Berman LH, Moss HA, McPherson SJ. Subclavian and internal jugular veins at Doppler US: abnormal cardiac pulsatility and respiratory phasicity as a predictor of complete central occlusion. Radiology.\u20081999;211(2):579\u2013583","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.2.r99ma08579"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh D, Wilkerson SA, Cook LN, Pietsch JB. Right atrial thrombus formation screening using two-dimensional echocardiograms in neonates with central venous catheters. Pediatrics.\u20081988;81(2):284\u2013286","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.2.284"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta S, Connors AF Jr, Danish EH, Grisoni E. Incidence of thrombosis during central venous catheterization of newborns: a prospective study. J Pediatr Surg.\u20081992;27(1):18\u201322","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90095-O"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korones DN, Buzzard CJ, Asselin BL, Harris JP. Right atrial thrombi in children with cancer and indwelling catheters. J Pediatr.\u20081996;128(6):841\u2013846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70338-4"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy M, Turner-Gomes S, Gill G, Way C, Mernagh J, Schmidt B. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography for the diagnosis of thrombosis associated with umbilical venous catheters. J Pediatr.\u20082002;140(1):131\u2013134","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.119591"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Cicco M, Matovic M, Balestreri L, et al. Central venous thrombosis: an early and frequent complication in cancer patients bearing long-term silastic catheter: a prospective study. Thromb Res.\u20081997;86(2):101\u2013113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(97)00054-6"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabinov K, Paulin S. Roentgen diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the leg. Arch Surg.\u20081972;104(2):134\u2013144","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1972.04180020014004"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gooding GA, Hightower DR, Moore EH, Dillon WP, Lipton MJ. Obstruction of the superior vena cava or subclavian veins: sonographic diagnosis. Radiology.\u20081986;159(3):663\u2013665","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.159.3.3517951"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R26","unstructured":"Chait P, Dinyari M, Massicotte MP. The sensitivity and specificity of lineograms and ultrasound compared to venography for the diagnosis of central venous line related thrombosis in symptomatic children: the LUV study. Thromb Haemost.\u20082001;86(suppl):P697"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruud E, Holmstrom H, De Lange C, Hogstad EM, Wesenberg F. Low-dose warfarin for the prevention of central line-associated thromboses in children with malignancies: a randomized, controlled study. Acta Paediatr.\u20082006;95(9):1053\u20131059","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600729092"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck C, Dubois J, Grignon A, Lacroix J, David M. Incidence and risk factors of catheter-related deep vein thrombosis in a pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study. J Pediatr.\u20081998;133(2):237\u2013241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70226-4"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krafte-Jacobs B, Sivit CJ, Mejia R, Pollack MM. Catheter-related thrombosis in critically ill children: comparison of catheters with and without heparin bonding. J Pediatr.\u20081995;126(1):50\u201354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70499-X"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce CM, Wade A, Mok Q. Heparin-bonded central venous lines reduce thrombotic and infective complications in critically ill children. Intensive Care Med.\u20082000;26(7):967\u2013972","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051289"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes RW, Wu KK, Hoak JC. Fallibility of the clinical diagnosis of venous thrombosis. JAMA.\u20081975;234(6):605\u2013607","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.234.6.605"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeger K. Problems of acute deep venous thrombosis, part I: the interpretation of signs and symptoms. Angiology.\u20081969;20(4):219\u2013223","DOI":"10.1177\/000331976902000406"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monagle P, Adams M, Mahoney M. Outcome of pediatric thromboembolic disease: a report from the Canadian Childhood Thrombophilia Registry. Pediatr Res.\u20082000;47(6):763\u2013766","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200006000-00013"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Ommen CH, Ottenkamp J, Lam J, et al. The risk of postthrombotic syndrome in children with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr.\u20082002;141(4):582\u2013586","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.127276"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhle S, Koloshuk B, Marzinotto V, et al. A cross-sectional study evaluating post-thrombotic syndrome in children. Thromb Res.\u20082003;111(4\u20135):227\u2013233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2003.09.008"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornton MJ, Ryan R, Varghese JC, Farrell MA, Lucey B, Lee MJ. A three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR venography technique for imaging central veins. AJR Am J Roentgenol.\u20081999;173(4):999\u20131003","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.4.10511166"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroencke TJ, Taupitz M, Arnold R, Fritsche L, Hamm B. Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance venography in suspected thrombo-occlusive disease of the central chest veins. Chest.\u20082001;120(5):1570\u20131576","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.5.1570"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shankar KR, Abernethy LJ, Das KS, et al. Magnetic resonance venography in assessing venous patency after multiple venous catheters. J Pediatr Surg.\u20082002;37(2):175\u2013179","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.30249"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R39","unstructured":"Chalmers EA, McIntosh N, Gibson BES, Watt AJ. Catheter-related venous thrombosis in children diagnosed by magnetic resonance venography. J Thromb Haemost.\u20082003;1(suppl):P0045"},{"key":"2021120820201946600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis PL, Crooks L, Arakawa M, McRee R, Kaufman L, Margulis AR. Potential hazards in NMR imaging: heating effects of changing magnetic fields and RF fields on small metallic implants. AJR Am J Roentgenol.\u20081981;137(4):857\u2013860","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.137.4.857"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/122\/6\/1284\/1033291\/zpe01208001284.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/122\/6\/1284\/1033291\/zpe01208001284.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T17:15:42Z","timestamp":1684689342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/122\/6\/1284\/68783\/Incidence-and-Diagnosis-of-Thrombosis-in-Children"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-3852","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1141901.605330","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1141901.599010","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}}}