{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:52:00Z","timestamp":1790898720993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE. Abnormalities in cognitive function and brain structure have been reported in acutely ill adolescents with anorexia nervosa, but whether these abnormalities persist or are reversible in the context of weight restoration remains unclear. Brain structure and cognitive function in female subjects with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa assessed at long-term follow-up were studied in comparison with healthy female subjects, and associations with clinical outcome were investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PATIENTS AND METHODS. Sixty-six female subjects (aged 21.3 \u00b1 2.3 years) who had a diagnosis of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa and treated 6.5 \u00b1 1.7 years earlier in a tertiary care hospital and 42 healthy female control subjects (aged 20.7 \u00b1 2.5 years) were assessed. All participants underwent a clinical examination, magnetic resonance brain scan, and cognitive evaluation. Clinical data were analyzed first as a function of weight recovery (n = 14, &amp;lt;85% ideal body weight; n = 52, \u226585% ideal body weight) and as a function of menstrual status (n = 18, absent\/irregular menses; n = 29, oral contraceptive pill; n = 19, regular menses). Group comparisons were made across structural brain volumes and cognitive scores.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS. Compared with control subjects, participants with anorexia nervosa who remained at low weight had larger lateral ventricles. Twenty-four\u2013hour urinary free-cortisol levels were positively correlated with volumes of the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles and negatively correlated with volumes of the hippocampi in clinical participants. Participants who were amenorrheic or had irregular menses showed significant cognitive deficits across a broad range of many domains.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS. Female subjects with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa showed abnormal cognitive function and brain structure compared with healthy individuals despite an extended period since diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a specific relationship between menstrual function and cognitive function in this patient population. Possible mechanisms underlying neural and cognitive deficits with anorexia nervosa are discussed. Additional examination of the effects of estrogen on cognitive function in female subjects with anorexia nervosa is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T13:38:30Z","timestamp":1217597910000},"page":"e426-e437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Cognitive Function and Brain Structure in Females With a History of Adolescent-Onset Anorexia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Harold T.","family":"Chui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce K.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Departments of"},{"name":"Psychiatry"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Zipursky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Departments of"},{"name":"Psychiatry"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake A.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Katherine","family":"Hanratty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor J.","family":"Kabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Medical Biophysics"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Integrative Biology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Mikulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra K.","family":"Katzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Departments of"},{"name":"Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905594121900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golden NH, Katzman DK, Kreipe RE, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health.\u20082003;33(6):496\u2013503","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00326-4"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan PF. Mortality in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry.\u20081995;152(7):1073\u20131074","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.7.1073"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palla B, Litt IF. Medical complications of eating disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics.\u20081988;81(5):613\u2013623","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.5.613"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci.\u20081999;2(10):861\u2013863","DOI":"10.1038\/13158"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TA, Lazar NA, Sweeney JA. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev.\u20082004;75(5):1357\u20131372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavedini P, Zorzi C, Bassi T, et al. Decision-making functioning as a predictor of treatment outcome in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res.\u20082006;145(2\u20133):179\u2013187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.12.014"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamsher S, Halmi KA, Benton AL. Prediction of outcome in anorexia nervosa from neuropsychological status. Psychiatry Res.\u20081981;4(1):79\u201388","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(81)90011-1"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzman DK, Lambe EK, Mikulis DJ, Ridgley JN, Goldbloom DS, Zipursky RB. Cerebral gray matter and white matter volume deficits in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr.\u20081996;129(6):794\u2013803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70021-5"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artmann H, Grau H, Adelmann M, Schleiffer R. Reversible and non-reversible enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in anorexia nervosa. Neuroradiology.\u20081985;27(4):304\u2013312","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339562"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolan RJ, Mitchell J, Wakeling A. Structural brain changes in patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med.\u20081988;18(2):349\u2013353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700007893"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzman DK, Zipursky RB, Lambe EK, Mikulis DJ. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of brain changes in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081997;151(8):793\u2013797","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170450043006"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambe EK, Katzman DK, Mikulis DJ, Kennedy SH, Zipursky RB. Cerebral gray matter volume deficits after weight recovery from anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081997;54(6):537\u2013542","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830180055006"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golden NH, Ashtari M, Kohn MR, et al. Reversibility of cerebral ventricular enlargement in anorexia nervosa, demonstrated by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr.\u20081996;128(2):296\u2013301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70414-6"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayze VW, Andersen A, Arndt S, et al. Reversibility of brain tissue loss in anorexia nervosa assessed with a computerized Talairach 3-D proportional grid. Psychol Med.\u20081996;26(2):381\u2013390","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700034772"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayze VW, Andersen AE, Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Sato Y, Ziebell S. Brain tissue volume segmentation in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight normalization. Int J Eat Disord.\u20082003;33(1):33\u201344","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10111"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingston K, Szmukler G, Andrewes D, Tress B, Desmond P. Neuropsychological and structural brain changes in anorexia nervosa before and after refeeding. Psychol Med.\u20081996;26(1):15\u201328","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700033687"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumarker KJ, Bzufka WM, Dudeck U, Hein J, Neumarker U. Are there specific disabilities of number processing in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa? Evidence from clinical and neuropsychological data when compared to morphometric measures from magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.\u20082000;9(suppl 2):111\u2013121","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870070005"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szmukler GI, Andrewes D, Kingston K, Chen L, Stargatt R, Stanley R. Neuropsychological impairment in anorexia nervosa: before and after refeeding. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.\u20081992;14(2):347\u2013352","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639208402834"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green MW, Elliman NA, Wakeling A, Rogers PJ. Cognitive functioning, weight change and therapy in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res.\u20081996;30(5):401\u2013410","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(96)00026-X"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser DJ, Benjamin ML, Bayless JD, et al. Neuropsychological functioning pretreatment and posttreatment in an inpatient eating disorders program. Int J Eat Disord.\u20082003;33(1):64\u201370","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10108"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillberg IC, Gillberg C, Rastam M, Johansson M. The cognitive profile of anorexia nervosa: a comparative study including a community-based sample. Compr Psychiatry.\u20081996;37(1):23\u201330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90046-2"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillberg IC, Rastam M, Wentz E, Gillberg C. Cognitive and executive functions in anorexia nervosa ten years after onset of eating disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.\u20082007;29(2):170\u2013178","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600584632"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones B, Duncan CC, Brouwers P, Mirsky AF. Cognition in eating disorders. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.\u20081991;13(5):711\u2013728","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108401085"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowell BD, Moser DJ, Ferneyhough K, Bowers WA, Andersen AE, Paulsen JS. Cognitive impairment in anorexia nervosa is not due to depressed mood. Int J Eat Disord.\u20082003;33(3):351\u2013355","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10149"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seed JA, Dixon RA, McCluskey, SE, Young AH. Basal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.\u20082000;250(1):11\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007533"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavedini P, Bassi T, Ubbiali A, et al. Neuropsychological investigation of decision-making in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res.\u20082004;127(3):259\u2013266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.03.012"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzman DK, Christensen B, Young AR, Zipursky RB. Starving the brain: structural abnormalities and cognitive impairment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry.\u20082001;6(2):146\u2013152","DOI":"10.1053\/scnp.2001.22263"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couturier J, Lock J. What is recovery in adolescent anorexia nervosa?Int J Eat Disord.\u20082006;39(7):550\u2013555","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20309"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garfinkel PE, Lin E, Goering P, et al. Should amenorrhoea be necessary for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa? Evidence from a Canadian community sample. Br J Psychiatry.\u20081996;168(4):500\u2013506","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.4.500"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherwin BB. Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women. Endocrine Rev.\u20082003;24(2):133\u2013151","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0016"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R31","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R32","unstructured":"Welner Z, Reich W, Herjanic, B. Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescent. Revised ed. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc; 1985"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders: Patient Edition (SCID-I\/P). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996","DOI":"10.1037\/t07827-000"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R34","unstructured":"Tanner JM. Growth at Adolescence. 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Scientific; 1962"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold PW, Gwirtsman H, Avgerinos PC, et al. Abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in anorexia nervosa. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in underweight and weight-corrected patients. N Engl J Med.\u20081986;314(21):1335\u20131342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198605223142102"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck AT, Robert AS, Brown GK. Manual for Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). San Antonio, TX: Psychology Corporation; 1996","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081989;46(11):1006\u20131011","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081989;46(11):1012\u20131016","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtkamp K, Muller B, Heussen N, Remschmidt H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Depression, anxiety, and obsessionality in long-term recovered patients with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.\u20082005;14(2):106\u2013110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-005-0431-5"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R40","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2000. CDC growth charts. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/growthcharts. Accessed May 30, 2006"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R41","unstructured":"American Dietetic Association. Manual of Clinical Dietetics. 6th ed. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2000"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan HG, Russell FM. Value of family background and clinical features as predictors of long-term outcome in anorexia nervosa: four-year follow-up study of 41 patients. Psychol Med.\u20081975;5(4):355\u2013371","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700056981"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan HG, Hayward AE. Clinical assessment of anorexia nervosa. The Morgan-Russell outcome assessment schedule. Br J Psychiatry.\u20081988;152(3):367\u2013371","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.3.367"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sled JG, Pike GB. Standing-wave and RF penetration artifacts caused by elliptic geometry: an electrodynamic analysis of MRI. IEEE Trans on Med Imaging.\u20081998;17(4):653\u2013662","DOI":"10.1109\/42.730409"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins DL, Neelin P, Peters, TM, Evans AC. Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space. J Compu Assist Tomogr.\u20081994;18(2):192\u2013205","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199403000-00005"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zijdenbos AP, Forghani R, Evans AC. Automatic quantification of MS lesions in 3D MRI brain data sets: validation of INSECT. In: Wells III WM, Colchester ACF, Delp S, eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 1496. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. London, United Kingdom: Springer; 1998:439\u2013448","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056229"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald D, Kabani N, Avis D, Evans AC. Automated 3-D extraction of inner and outer surfaces of cerebral cortex from MRI. Neuroimage.\u20082000;12(3):340\u2013356","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0534"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins DL, Holmes CJ, Peters TM, Evans AC. Automatic 3D model-based neuroanatomical segmentation. Hum Brain Mapp.\u20081995;3(3):190\u2013208","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460030304"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruessner JC, Li LM, Serles W, et al. Volumetry of hippocampus and amygdala with high-resolution MRI and three-dimensional analysis software: minimizing the discrepancies between laboratories. Cereb Cortex.\u20082000;10(4):433\u2013442","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.4.433"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull.\u20081979;86(2):420\u2013428","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R51","unstructured":"Woodcock RW, McGrew KS, Mather N. Woodcock-Johnson III. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing; 2001"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R52","unstructured":"Brandt J, Benedict RHB. Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 2001"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R53","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1987"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R54","unstructured":"Schrank FA, Woodcock RW. WJ III Compuscore and Profiles Program [computer software]. Woodcock-Johnson III. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing; 2001"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R55","unstructured":"McGrew KS, Woodcock RW. Technical Manual. Woodcock-Johnson III. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing; 2001"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R56","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LG. Using Multivariate Statistics. 3rd ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers; 1996"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R57","unstructured":"George D, Mallery P. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 10.0 Update. 3rd ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2001"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connan F, Murphy F, Connor SEJ, et al. Hippocampal volume and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res.\u20082006;146(2):117\u2013125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.10.006"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano GD, Renzetti P, Parodi RC, et al. Volume measurement with magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampus-amygdala formation in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Endocrinol Invest.\u20082001;24(7):510\u2013514","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343884"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R60","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health\/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report 1998. NIH publication 98\u20134083. Available at: www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/guidelines\/obesity\/ob_gdlns.htm. Accessed February 8, 2007"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner A, Greer P, Bailer UF, et al. Normal brain tissue volumes after long-term recovery in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry.\u20082006;59(3):291\u2013293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.06.014"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapolsky RM. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20082000;57(10):925\u2013935","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.925"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdeau I, Bard C, Noel B, et al. Loss of brain volume in endogenous Cushing's syndrome and its reversibility after correction of hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol.\u20082002;87(5):1949\u20131954","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.5.1949"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merke DP, Giedd JN, Keil MF, et al. Children experience cognitive decline despite reversal of brain atrophy one year after resolution of Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol.\u20082005;90(5):2531\u20132536","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2488"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starkman M, Gebarski S, Berent S, Schteingart DE. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry.\u20081992;32(9):756\u2013765","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90079-F"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maki PM, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM. Enhanced verbal memory in nondemented elderly women receiving hormone-replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry.\u20082001;158(2):227\u2013233","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.227"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nappi RE, Sinforiani E, Mauri M, Bono G, Polatti F, Nappi G. Memory functioning at menopause: Impact of age in ovariectomized women. Gynecol Obstet Invest.\u20081999;47(1):29\u201336","DOI":"10.1159\/000010058"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross JL, Stefanatos GA, Kushner H, et al. The effect of genetic differences and ovarian failure: Intact cognitive function in adult women with premature ovarian failure versus turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol.\u20082004;89(4):1817\u20131822","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031463"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, McEwen BS. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neurosci.\u20081990;10(4):1286\u20131291","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-04-01286.1990"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bimonte HA, Denenberg VH. Estradiol facilitates performance as working memory load increases. Psychoneuroendocrinol.\u20081999;24(2):161\u2013173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00068-7"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R71","unstructured":"Greene RA. Estrogen and cerebral blood flow: a mechanism to explain the impact of estrogen on the incidence and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Fertil Womens Med.\u20082000;45(4):253\u2013257"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cyr M, Landry M, Di Paolo T. Modulation by estrogen-receptor directed drugs of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacol.\u20082000;23(1):69\u201378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00085-3"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kugaya A, Epperson CN, Zoghbi S, et al. Increase in prefrontal cortex serotonin 2A receptors following estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women. Am J Psychiatry.\u20082003;160(8):1522\u20131524","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.8.1522"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moses-Kolko EL, Berga SL, Greer PJ, Smith G, Cidis Meltzer C, Drevets WC. Widespread increases of cortical serotonin type 2A receptor availability after hormone therapy in euthymic postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril.\u20082003;80(3):554\u2013559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00973-7"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterlund MK, Hurd YL. Acute 17 beta-estradiol treatment down-regulates serotonin 5HT(1A) receptor mRNA expression in the limbic system of female rats. Brain Res. Mol Brain Res.\u20081998;55(1):169\u2013172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00018-7"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterlund MK, Halldin C, Hurd YL. Effects of chronic 17 beta-estradiol treatment on the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and binding levels in the rat brain. Synapse.\u20082000;35(1):39\u201344","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(200001)35:1<39::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda Y, Hirano H, Watanabe Y. Effects of estrogen on acetylcholine release in frontal cortex of female rats: involvement of serotonergic neuronal systems. Brain Res.\u20082002;937(1\u20132):58\u201365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02465-4"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R78","unstructured":"Audenaert K, Van Laere K, Dumont F, et al. Decreased 5-HT2a receptor binding in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Nucl Med.\u20082003;44(2):163\u2013169"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailer UF, Frank GK, Henry SE, et al. Altered brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [carbonyl11C]WAY-100635. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20082005;62(9):1032\u20131041","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.9.1032"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailer UF, Frank GK, Henry SE, et al. Exaggerated 5-HT1A but normal 5-HT2A receptor activity in individuals ill with anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry.\u20082007;61(9):1090\u20131099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.018"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank GK, Kaye WH, Meltzer CC, et al. Reduced 5-HT2A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry.\u20082002;52(9):896\u2013906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01378-1"},{"key":"2021120905594121900_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Bailer UF, Frank GK, Wagner A, Henry SE. Brain imaging of serotonin after recovery from anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav.\u20082005;86(1\u20132):15\u201317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.06.019"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/122\/2\/e426\/1034955\/zpe0080800e426.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/122\/2\/e426\/1034955\/zpe0080800e426.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T12:04:57Z","timestamp":1684497897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/122\/2\/e426\/73073\/Cognitive-Function-and-Brain-Structure-in-Females"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-0170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]}}}