{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1777609642935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to compare the incidence of apnea, hypopnea, bradycardia, or oxygen desaturation in healthy term newborns placed in hospital cribs, infant car safety beds, or infant car safety seats.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS: A consecutive series of 200 newborns was recruited on the second day of life. Each subject was studied while placed in the hospital crib (30 minutes), car bed (60 minutes), and car seat (60 minutes). Physiologic data, including oxygen saturation, frequency, and type of apnea, hypopnea, and bradycardia were obtained and analyzed in a blinded manner.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS: The mean oxygen saturation level was significantly different among all of the positions (97.9% for the hospital crib, 96.3% for the car bed, and 95.7% for the car seat; P &amp;lt; .001). The mean minimal oxygen saturation level was lower while in both safety devices (83.7% for the car bed and 83.6% for the car seat) compared with in the hospital crib (87.4%) (P &amp;lt; .001). The mean total time spent with an oxygen saturation level of &amp;lt;95% was significantly higher (P = .003) in both safety devices (car seat: 23.9%; car bed: 17.2%) when compared with the hospital crib (6.5%). A second study of 50 subjects in which each infant was placed in each position for 120 minutes yielded similar results.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS: In healthy term newborns, significant desaturations were observed in both car beds and car seats as compared with hospital cribs. This study was limited by lack of documentation of sleep stage. Therefore, these safety devices should only be used for protection during travel and not as replacements for cribs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,25]],"date-time":"2009-08-25T00:45:06Z","timestamp":1251161106000},"page":"e396-e402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Comparison of Respiratory Patterns in Healthy Term Infants Placed in Car Safety Seats and Beds"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Lilijana","family":"Kornhauser Cerar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina V.","family":"Scirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Department of Pediatrics, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"S\u030ctucin Gantar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damjan","family":"Osredkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Bernard","family":"Kinane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905040644200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Safe transportation of newborns at hospital discharge. Pediatrics.\u20081999;104(4):986\u2013987","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.986"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R2","unstructured":"Weber K. Crash protection for child passenger: a review of best practices. UMTRI Res Rev.\u20082000;31(3):1\u201327"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R3","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2006: a compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the Fatal Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. 2006. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/TSF2006FE.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett LD, Leuschen MP, Nelson LS, Nelson RM Jr. Ventilatory changes in convalescent infants positioned in car seats. J Pediatr.\u20081989;115(3):451\u2013455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80854-6"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett LD, Leuschen MP, Nelson LS, Nelson RM Jr. Risk of hypoventilation in premature infants in car seats. J Pediatr.\u20081986;109(2):245\u2013248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80379-1"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilley E, McGuire W. The car seat: a challenge too far for preterm infants?Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.\u20082005;90(6):F452\u2013F455","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.064295"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Safe transportation of premature and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics.\u20081996;97(5):758\u2013760","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.5.758"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention, Committee on Fetus and Newborn: Safe transportation of premature infants. Pediatrics.\u20081991;87(1):120\u2013122","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.1.120"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R9","unstructured":"Bass JL, Mehta KA. Oxygen desaturation of selected term infants in car seats. Pediatrics.\u20081995;96(2):288\u2013290"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchant JR, Worwa C, Porter S, Coleman JM, deRegnier RAO. Respiratory instability of term and near-term healthy newborn infants in car safety seats. Pediatrics.\u20082001;108(3):647\u2013652","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.647"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagase H, Yonetani M, Uetani Y, Nakamura H. Effects of child seats on the cardiorespiratory function of newborns. Pediatr Int.\u20082002;44(1):60\u201363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01507.x"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinane TB, Murphy J, Bass JL, Corwin MJ. Comparison of respiratory physiologic features when infants are placed in car safety seats or car beds. Pediatrics.\u20082006;118(2):522\u2013527","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2712"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark AR, Thach BT. Mechanisms of airway obstruction leading to apnea in newborn infants. J Pediatr.\u20081976;89(6):982\u2013985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(76)80615-4"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thach BT, Stark AR. Spontaneous neck flexion and airway obstruction during apneic spells in preterm infants. J Pediatr.\u20081979;94(2):275\u2013281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80843-4"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts JL, Reed WR, Mathew OP, Menon AA, Thach BT. Assessment of pharyngeal airway stability in normal and micrognathic infants. J Appl Physiol.\u20081985;58(1):290\u2013299","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.1.290"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin SL, McIntosh CG, Hadden W, Dakin C, Rowley S, Gunn AJ. Simple car seat insert to prevent upper airway narrowing in preterm infants: a pilot study. Pediatrics.\u20082003;112(4):907\u2013913","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.907"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horemuzova E, Katz-Salamon M, Milerad J. Breathing patterns, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in sleeping healthy infants during the first nine months after birth. Acta Paediatr.\u20082000;89(11):1284\u20131289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00752.x"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dollberg S, Yacov G, Mimouni F, Ashbel G. Effect of head support on oxygen saturation in preterm infants restrained in a car seat. Am J Perinatol.\u20082002;19(3):115\u2013118","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25310"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R19","unstructured":"Mannheimer PD, Bebout DE. The OxiMax System: Nellcor's new platform for pulse oximetry. Minerva Anestesiol.\u20082002;68(4):236\u2013239"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar S, Ayappa I, Norman RG, Krieger AC, Walsleben JA, Rapoport DM. Choice of oximeter affects apnea-hypopnea index. Chest.\u20082005;127(1):80\u201388","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.80"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan R, Corwin MJ, Hunt CE, et al. Cardiorespiratory events recorded on home monitors: comparison of healthy infants with those at increased risk for SIDS. JAMA.\u20082001;285(17):2199\u20132207","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.17.2199"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt CE, Corwin MJ, Baird T, et al. Cardiorespiratory events detected by home memory monitoring and one-year neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr.\u20082004;145(4):465\u2013471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.05.045"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams LE, Martin JE. Car seat challenges: where are we in implementation of these programs?J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.\u20082003;17(2):158\u2013163","DOI":"10.1097\/00005237-200304000-00008"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin SL, McIntosh CG, Nixon GM, Rowley S, Gunn AJ. Can we reduce episodes of haemoglobin desaturation in full-term babies restrained in car seats?Acta Paediatr.\u20082008;97(1):105\u2013111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00584.x"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kianicka I, Praud JP. Influence of sleep states on laryngeal and abdominal muscle response to upper airway occlusion in lambs. Pediatr Res.\u20081997;41(6):862\u2013871","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199706000-00011"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene MG, Carroll JL. Consequences of sleep-disordered breathing in childhood. Curr Opin Pulm Med.\u20081997;3(6):456\u2013463","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-199711000-00013"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bass JL, Corwin M, Gozal D, et al. The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics.\u20082004;114(3):805\u2013816","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0227"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capdevila OS, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Dayyat E, Gozal D. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: complications, management, and long-term outcomes. Proc Am Thorac Soc.\u20082008;5(2):274\u2013282","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200708-138MG"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin SL, Vogel SA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Apparently life threatening events in infant car safety seats. BMJ.\u20082006;333(7580):1205\u20131206","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39021.657083.47"},{"key":"2021120905040644200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callahan CW, Sisler C. Use of seating devices in infants too young to sit. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081997;151(3):233\u2013235","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170400019004"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/124\/3\/e396\/1006382\/zpe0090900e396.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/124\/3\/e396\/1006382\/zpe0090900e396.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T12:55:51Z","timestamp":1685105751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/124\/3\/e396\/71797\/A-Comparison-of-Respiratory-Patterns-in-Healthy"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-0160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]}}}