{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:17:19Z","timestamp":1788419839958,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine factors that are involved in shoulder injury rates among high school athletes who participate in organized baseball and softball.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Baseball- and softball-related injury data were collected during the 2005\u20132008 academic years from \u223c74 nationally representative high schools via High School Reporting Information Online.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Certified athletic trainers reported 91 baseball shoulder injuries and 40 softball shoulder injuries during 528147 and 399522 athlete exposures, respectively. The injury rate was 1.72 injuries per 10000 athlete exposures for baseball and 1.00 injuries per 10000 athlete exposures for softball. Muscle strain\/incomplete tears were the most common injuries in both baseball (30.8%) and softball (35.0%). In practices, throwing, not including pitching, caused more than half of softball injuries (68.2%) as compared with competition injuries (23.5%; injury proportion ratio [IPR]: 2.90 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17\u20137.15]; P = .015), whereas pitching was the most common mechanism in causing shoulder injuries during baseball practice (41.9%) compared with competitions (25.6%; IPR: 1.64 [95% CI: 0.88\u20133.04]; P = .17). Eighty-one percent of the baseball shoulder injuries and 82.5% of the softball shoulder injuries were new. Ten percent of baseball athletes and 5.3% of softball athletes sustained injuries that required surgery (IPR: 1.40 [95% CI: 0.32\u20136.10]; P = .93). Injuries that were sustained while the athlete was on the pitcher's mound were significantly more likely to result in surgery than any other field position (IPR: 2.64 [95% CI: 1.65\u20134.21]; P = .0061). Injured baseball players were more than twice as likely to be pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although rates and patterns of shoulder injuries are similar between baseball and softball players, injury rates and patterns differ between field positions within each sport, as well as by injury severity and the athletes' year in school.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,9]],"date-time":"2010-02-09T01:25:17Z","timestamp":1265678717000},"page":"497-501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Shoulder Injuries in US High School Baseball and Softball Athletes, 2005\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Krajnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran J.","family":"Fogarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Health Science PhD Program, College of Health and Human Services, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Yard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Policy, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Dawn","family":"Comstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Policy, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905404523900_B1","unstructured":"National Federation of State High School Associations. 2007\u20132008 High School Athletics Participation Survey. Available at: www.nfhs.org\/content.aspx?id=3282&linkidentifier=id&itemid=3282. Accessed December 27, 2008"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120905404523900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj337","article-title":"A prospective study of injury incidence among North Carolina high school athletes","volume":"164","author":"Knowles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905404523900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284188","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905404523900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281796","article-title":"Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching","volume":"34","author":"Werner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2021120905404523900_B5","unstructured":"Amateur Softball Association of America. ASA Quick Facts. Available at: www.asasoftball.com\/about\/quick_facts.asp. Accessed December 17, 2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905404523900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.782","article-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics: Risk of injury from baseball and softball in children","volume":"107","author":"Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120905404523900_B7","article-title":"Elbow and shoulder injuries in youth baseball players","author":"Medco Sports"},{"key":"2021120905404523900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000085340","article-title":"Baseball injuries","volume":"49","author":"Lyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120905404523900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300011201","article-title":"Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete (current concepts)","volume":"30","author":"Wilk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905404523900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.6.405","article-title":"Biomechanics of windmill softball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms and the shoulder and elbow","volume":"28","author":"Barrentine","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905404523900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269253","article-title":"Biomechanics of youth windmill softball pitching","volume":"33","author":"Werner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"38","key":"2021120905404523900_B12","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Sports-related injuries among high school athletes\u2014United States, 2005\u201306 school year","volume":"55","author":"Comstock","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120905404523900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00445.2001","article-title":"Influence of puberty on muscle development at the forearm","volume":"283","author":"Neu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/125\/3\/497\/894383\/zpe00310000497.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/125\/3\/497\/894383\/zpe00310000497.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T23:16:01Z","timestamp":1639091761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/125\/3\/497\/72638\/Shoulder-Injuries-in-US-High-School-Baseball-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-0961","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]}}}