{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:06:50Z","timestamp":1792001210570,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to violence in media, including television, movies, music, and video games, represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. Pediatricians should assess their patients' level of media exposure and intervene on media-related health risks. Pediatricians and other child health care providers can advocate for a safer media environment for children by encouraging media literacy, more thoughtful and proactive use of media by children and their parents, more responsible portrayal of violence by media producers, and more useful and effective media ratings. Office counseling has been shown to be effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,20]],"date-time":"2009-10-20T01:25:57Z","timestamp":1256001957000},"page":"1495-1503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Media Violence"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"124","author":[{"name":"Council on Communications and Media","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905174846600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith A. Influence of TV crime programs on children's health. J Am Med Assoc.\u20081952;150(1):37","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.03680010043012"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogan MJ. Adolescents and media violence: six crucial issues for practitioners. Adolesc Med Clin.\u20082005;16(2):249\u2013268, vii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.admecli.2005.02.008"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R3","unstructured":"Strasburger VC, Wilson BJ, Jordan AB. Children, Adolescents, and the Media. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strasburger VC. Go ahead punk, make my day: it's time for pediatricians to take action against media violence. Pediatrics.\u20082007;119(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/119\/6\/e1398","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0083"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R5","unstructured":"US Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. Television and Growing Up: The Impact of Televised Violence\u2014Report to the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, US Public Health Service; 1972. Publication No. HSM 72\u20139090"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R6","unstructured":"Pearl D, Bouthilet L, Lazar J. Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1982"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R7","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; American Psychological Association; American Medical Association; American Academy of Family Physicians; American Psychiatric Association. Joint statement on the impact of entertainment violence on children: Congressional public health summit\u2014July 26, 2000. Available at: www.aap.org\/advocacy\/releases\/jstmtevc.htm. Accessed January 26, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R8","unstructured":"O'Toole ME. The School Shooter: A Threat Assessment Perspective. Quantico, VA: Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice; 2000"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Berkowitz L, Donnerstein E, et al. The influence of media violence on youth. Psychol Sci Public Interest.\u20082003;4(3):81\u2013110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R10","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission. In the matter of violent television programming and its impact on children: statement of Commissioner Deborah Taylor Tate. MB docket No. 04\u2013261, April 25, 2007. Available at: http:\/\/hraunfoss.fcc.gov\/edocs_public\/attachmatch\/FCC-07-50A1.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile DA, Obert C, Sherwood NE, Story M, Walsh DA, Hogan M. Well-child exams in the video age: pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for children's media use. Pediatrics.\u20082004;114(5):1235\u20131241","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1121-L"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray JP. Media violence: the effects are both real and strong. Am Behav Sci.\u20082008;51(8):1212\u20131230","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764207312018"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R13","unstructured":"Roberts DF, Foehr UG, Rideout V. Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8\u201318 Year-Olds. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2005"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R14","unstructured":"Rideout VJ, Vandewater EA, Wartella EA. Zero to Six: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2003"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandewater EA, Rideout VJ, Wartella EA, Huang X, Lee JH, Shim MS. Digital childhood: electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics.\u20082007;119(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/119\/5\/e1006","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1804"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R16","unstructured":"Rideout V, Hamel E. The Media Family: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers and Their Parents. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennison BA, Erb TA, Jenkins PL. Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics.\u20082002;109(6):1028\u20131035","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1028"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson C, Brown JD, L'Engle KL. R-rated movies, bedroom televisions, and initiation of smoking by white and black adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082007;161(3):260\u2013268","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.3.260"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile DA, Walsh DA. A normative study of family media habits. J Appl Dev Psychol.\u20082002;23(2):157\u2013178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(02)00102-8"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN. The remote, the mouse, and the No. 2 pencil: the household media environment and academic achievement among third grade students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082005;159(7):607\u2013613","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.7.607"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R21","unstructured":"Huston AC, Donnerstein E, Fairchild H, et al. Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press; 1992"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R22","unstructured":"Federman J, ed. National Television Violence Study. Vol3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokota F, Thompson KM. Violence in G-rated animated films. JAMA.\u20082000;283(20):2716\u20132720","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.20.2716"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb T, Jenkins L, Browne N, Afifi AA, Kraus J. Violent entertainment pitched to adolescents: an analysis of PG-13 films. Pediatrics.\u20082007;119(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/119\/6\/e1219","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1319"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worth KA, Chambers JG, Naussau DH, Rakhra BK, Sargent JD. Exposure of US adolescents to extremely violent movies. Pediatrics.\u20082008;122(2):306\u2013312","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1096"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rich M, Woods ER, Goodman E, Emans SJ, DuRant RH. Aggressors or victims: gender and race in music video violence. Pediatrics.\u20081998;101(4 pt 1):669\u2013674","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.4.669"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R27","unstructured":"Herd DA. Changes in the prevalence of violent rap song lyrics 1979\u20131997. Presented at: American Public Health Association annual meeting; October 28, 2008; San Diego, CA"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R28","unstructured":"Espejo R. Should Music Lyrics Be Censored for Violence and Exploitation? Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press; 2008"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ybarra ML, Dierner-West M, Markow D, Leaf PJ, Hamburger M, Boxer P. Linkages between Internet and other media violence with seriously violent behavior by youth. Pediatrics.\u20082008;122(5):929\u2013937","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3377"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile DA. The rating systems for media products. In: Calvert S, Wilson B, eds. Handbook on Children and Media. Boston, MA: Blackwell; 2007:527\u2013551","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302752.ch23"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R31","unstructured":"Comstock G, Strasburger VC. Media violence: Q & A. Adolesc Med.\u20081993;4(3):495\u2013510"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuRant RH, Rich M, Emans SJ, Rome ES, Allred E, Woods ER. Violence and weapon carrying in music videos: a content analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081997;151(5):443\u2013448","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170420013002"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funk JB, Buchman DD. Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent self-concept. J Commun.\u20081996;46(2):19\u201332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01472.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R34","unstructured":"Walsh D, Gentile DA, Walsh E, et al. Tenth Annual MediaWise Video Game Report Card. Minneapolis, MN: National Institute on Media and the Family; 2006. Available at: www.mediafamily.org\/research\/report_vgrc_2005.shtml. Accessed January 26, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietz TL. An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles.\u20081998;38(5\u20136):425\u2013442","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018709905920"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strasburger VC. Risky business: what primary care practitioners need to know about the influence of the media on adolescents. Prim Care.\u20082006;33(2):317\u2013348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2006.02.004"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R37","unstructured":"US Federal Trade Commission. Marketing Violent Entertainment to Children: A Review of Self-regulation and Industry Practices in the Motion Picture, Music Recording and Electronic Game Industries. Washington, DC: US Federal Trade Commission; 2000"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng TL, Brenner RA, Wright JL, Sachs HC, Moyer P, Rao MR. Children's violent television viewing: are parents monitoring?Pediatrics.\u20082004;114(1):94\u201399","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.94"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins L, Webb T, Browne N, Afifi AA, Kraus J. An evaluation of the Motion Picture Association of America's treatment of violence in PG-, PG-13-, and R-rated films. Pediatrics.\u20082005;115(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/115\/5\/e512","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1977"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R40","unstructured":"Rideout V. Parents, Children and Media. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2007"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R41","unstructured":"Rideout V. Parents, Media and Public Policy: A Kaiser Family Foundation Survey. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2004"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh DA, Gentile DA. A validity test of movie, television, and video-game ratings. Pediatrics.\u20082001;107(6):1302\u20131308","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1302"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijvank MN, Konijn EA, Bushman BJ, Roelofsma PHMP. Age and violent-content labels make video games forbidden fruits for youth. Pediatrics.\u20082009;123(3):870\u2013876","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0601"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R44","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. The Ratings Game. Choosing Your Child's Entertainment. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huesmann LR, Moise-Titus J, Podolski CL, Eron LD. Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977\u20131992. Dev Psychol.\u20082003;39(2):201\u2013221","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.201"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater MD, Henry KL, Swaim RC, Anderson LL. Violent media content and aggressiveness in adolescents: a downward spiral model. Commun Res.\u20082003;30(6):713\u2013736","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650203258281"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushman BJ, Huesmann LR. Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082006;160(4):348\u2013352","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.4.348"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R48","unstructured":"Center on Media and Child Health. Available at: www.cmch.tv. Accessed January 28, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paik H, Comstock G. The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis. Commun Res.\u20081994;21(4):516\u2013546","DOI":"10.1177\/009365094021004004"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R50","unstructured":"Bushman BJ, Huesmann LR. Effects of televised violence on aggression. In: Singer D, Singer JL, eds. Handbook of Children and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2001:223\u2013254"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R51","unstructured":"Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In: Bryant J, Zillmann D, eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:61\u201390"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flavell JH. The development of children's knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction. Am Psychol.\u20081986;41(4):418\u2013425","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.41.4.418"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright JC, Huston AC, Reitz AL, Pieymat S. Young children's perceptions of television reality: determinants and developmental differences. Dev Psychol.\u20081994;30(2):229\u2013239","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.2.229"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Gentile DA, Buckley KE. Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195309836.001.0001"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smailes EM, Kasen S, Brook JS. Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science.\u20082002;295(5564):2468\u20132471","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062929"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R56","unstructured":"Cantor J. Mommy, I'm Scared: How TV and Movies Frighten Children and What We Can Do to Protect Them. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace; 1998"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linz DG, Donnerstein E, Penrod S. Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. J Pers Soc Psychol.\u20081988;55(5):758\u2013768","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.5.758"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R58","unstructured":"Grossman D, Degaetano G. Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action Against TV, Movie, and Video Game Violence. New York, NY: Crown; 1999"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuntsche E, Pickett W, Overpeck M, Craig W, Boyce W, Gaspar deMatos M. Television viewing and forms of bullying among adolescents from eight countries. J Adolesc Health.\u20082006;39(6):908\u2013915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.06.007"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerbner G, Gross L, Morgan M, Signorielli N. The \u201cmainstreaming\u201d of America: violence profile No. 11. J Commun.\u20081980;30(3):10\u201329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01987.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant J, Carveth RA, Brown D. Television viewing and anxiety: an experimental examination. J Commun.\u20081981;31(1):106\u2013119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1981.tb01210.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Dill KE. Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. J Personal Soc Psychol.\u20082000;78(4):772\u2013790","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.772"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer MI, Slovak K, Frierson T, York P. Viewing preferences, symptoms of psychological trauma, and violent behaviors among children who watch television. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.\u20081998;37(10):1041\u20131048","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199810000-00014"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R64","unstructured":"Zimmerman FJ. Children's Media Use and Sleep Problems: Issues and Unanswered Questions. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2008"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bickham DS, Rich M. Is television viewing associated with social isolation? Roles of exposure time, viewing context, and violent content. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082006;160(4):387\u2013392","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.4.387"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkowitz L, Rawlings E. Effects of film violence on inhibitions against subsequent aggression. J Abnorm Soc Psychol.\u20081963;66(3):405\u2013412","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046639"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geen RG, Quanty MB. The catharsis of aggression: an evaluation of a hypothesis. In: Berkowitz L, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. NY: Academic Press; 1977:1\u201337 Vol10. New York","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60353-6"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF, Stack AD. Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence: self-fulfilling or self-defeating prophecies?J Pers Soc Psychol.\u20081999;76(3):367\u2013376","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.3.367"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drabman RS, Thomas MH. Does media violence increase children's toleration of real-life aggression?Dev Psychol.\u20081974;10(3):418\u2013421","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036439"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas MH, Horton RW, Lippincott EC, Drabman RS. Desensitization to portrayals of real-life aggression as a function of exposure to television violence. J Pers Soc Psychol.\u20081977;35(6):450\u2013458","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.6.450"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnagey NL, Anderson CA, Bushman BJ. The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence. J Exp Soc Psychol.\u20082007;43(3):489\u2013496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.05.003"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushman BJ, Anderson CA. Comfortably numb: desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychol Sci.\u20082009;20(3):273\u2013277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02287.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irwin AR, Gross AM. Cognitive tempo, violent video games, and aggressive behavior in young boys. J Fam Violence.\u20081995;10(3):337\u2013350","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02110997"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman SB, Williamson PA. The effects of video game play on young children's aggression, fantasy, and prosocial behavior. J Appl Dev Psychol.\u20081987;8(4):453\u2013462","DOI":"10.1016\/0193-3973(87)90033-5"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krahe\u0301 B, Mo\u0308ller I. Playing violent electronic games, hostile attributional style, and aggression-related norms in German adolescents. J Adolesc.\u20082004;27(1):53\u201369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2003.10.006"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Carnagey NL, Flanagan M, Benjamin AJ, Eubanks J, Valentine JC. Violent video games: specific effects of violent content on aggressive thoughts and behavior. Adv Exp Soc Psychol.\u20082004;36:199\u2013249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(04)36004-1"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Sakamoto A, Gentile DA, et al. Longitudinal effects of violent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics.\u20082008;122(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/122\/5\/e1067","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1425"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopf WH, Huber GL, Weib RH. Media violence and youth violence. J Media Psychol.\u20082008;20(3):79\u201396","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105.20.3.79"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallenius M, Punamaki RL. Digital game violence and direct aggression in adolescence: a longitudinal study of the roles of sex, age, and parent-child communication. J Appl Dev Psychol.\u20082008;29(4):286\u2013294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.04.010"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile DA, Anderson CA, Yukawa S, et al. The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: international evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Pers Soc Psychol Bull.\u20082009;35(6):752\u2013763","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209333045"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile D. Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study. Psychol Sci.\u20082009;20(5):594\u2013602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R82","unstructured":"The impact of interactive violence on children: hearing before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 106th Congress, 1st session (March 21, 2000) [statement of Craig Anderson, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University]. Available at: www.eric.ed.gov\/ERICDocs\/data\/ericdocs2sql\/content_storage_01\/0000019b\/80\/23\/4b\/03.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths MD, Hunt N. Dependence on computer games by adolescents. Psychol Rep.\u20081998;82(2):475\u2013480","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1998.82.2.475"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnagey NL, Anderson CA, Bartholow BD. Media violence and social neuroscience: new questions and new opportunities. Curr Dir Psychol Sci.\u20082007;16(4):178\u2013182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00499.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R85","unstructured":"Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ.\u20082008;57(4):1\u2013131"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R86","unstructured":"Minin\u0303o AM, Heron MP, Smith BL. Deaths: preliminary data for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep.\u20082006;54(19):1\u201349"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R87","unstructured":"National Adolescent Health Information Center. 2007 Fact Sheet on Violence: Adolescents & Young Adults. San Francisco, CA: University of California, San Francisco; 2007. Available at: http:\/\/nahic.ucsf.edu\/downloads\/violence.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2009"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R88","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. 31st ed. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2003. Available at: www.albany.edu\/sourcebook. Accessed June 29, 2007"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA.\u20082001;285(16):2094\u20132100","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.16.2094"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olshen E, McVeigh KH, Wunsch-Hitzig RA, Rickert VI. Dating violence, sexual assault, and suicide attempts among urban teenagers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082007;161(6):539\u2013545","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.6.539"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huesmann LR, Eron LD, Klein R, Brice P, Fischer P. Mitigating the imitation of aggressive behaviors by changing children's attitudes about media violence. J Pers Soc Psychol.\u20081983;44(5):899\u2013910","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.5.899"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson TN, Wilde ML, Navracruz LC, Haydel KF, Varady A. Effects of reducing children's television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082001;155(1):17\u201323","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.1.17"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strasburger VC. \u201cClueless\u201d: why do pediatricians underestimate the media's influence on children and adolescents?Pediatrics.\u20082006;117(4):1427\u20131431","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2336"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginsburg KR; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications and Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics.\u20082007;119(1):182\u2013191","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2697"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. Media education. Pediatrics.\u20081999;104(2 pt 1):341\u2013343","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.2.341"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R96","unstructured":"Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ. Children and television: a primer for pediatricians. Contemp Pediatr.\u20082007;24(3):31\u201345"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkin SL, Finch SA, Ip EH, et al. Is office- based counseling about media use, timeouts, and firearm storage effective? Results from a cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics.\u20082008;122(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/122\/1\/e15","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2611"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strasburger VC. First do no harm: why have parents and pediatricians missed the boat on children and media?J Pediatr.\u20082007;151(4):334\u2013336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.05.040"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christakis DA. The effects of infant media usage: what do we know and what should we learn?Acta Paediatr.\u20082009;98(1):8\u201316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01027.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt ME, Rich M, Rifas-Shiman SL, et al. Television viewing in infancy and child cognition at 3 years of age in a US cohort. Pediatrics.\u20082009;123(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/123\/3\/e370","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3221"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. J Pediatr.\u20082007;151(4):364\u2013368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.04.071"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linebarger DL, Walker D. Infants' and toddlers' television viewing and language outcomes. Am Behav Sci.\u20082005;48(5):624\u2013625","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764204271505"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson K. Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev.\u20081973;38(1\u20132):1\u2013135. Serial No. 149","DOI":"10.2307\/1165788"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanimura M, Okuma K, Kyoshima K. Television viewing, reduced parental utterance, and delayed speech development in infants and young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082007;161(6):618\u2013619","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.6.618-b"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chonchaiya W, Prusksananonda C. Television viewing associates with delayed language development. Acta Paediatr.\u20082008;97(7):977\u2013982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00831.x"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R106","unstructured":"Fisch SM, Truglio RT. \u201cG\u201d is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 2001"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuma K, Tanimura M. A preliminary study on the relationship between characteristics of TV content and delayed speech development in young children. Infant Behav Dev.\u20082009;32(3):312\u2013321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.04.002"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christakis DA, Gilkerson J, Richards JA, et al. Audible television and decreased adult words, infant vocalizations, and conversational turns. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082009;163(6):554\u2013558","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.61"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R109","unstructured":"Huston AC, Wright JC. Educating children with television: the forms of the medium. In: Zillmann D, Bryant J, Huston AC, eds. Media, Children, and the Family: Social Scientific, Psychodynamic, and Clinical Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:73\u201384"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R110","unstructured":"McCannon B. Media literacy\/media education: solution to big media? In: Strasburger VC, Wilson BJ, Jordan A, eds. Children, Adolescents, and the Media. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2009:519\u2013569"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenkoetter LI, Rosenkoetter SE, Acock AC. Television violence: an intervention to reduce its impact on children. J Appl Dev Psychol.\u20082009;30(4):381\u2013397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.12.019"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R112","unstructured":"Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ. The Elephant in the Living Room: Make Television Work for Your Kids. New York, NY: Rodale Press; 2006"},{"key":"2021120905174846600_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strasburger VC. Media and children: what needs to happen now?JAMA.\u20082009;301(21):2265\u20132266","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.572"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/124\/5\/1495\/1009583\/zpe01109001495.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/124\/5\/1495\/1009583\/zpe01109001495.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T22:36:02Z","timestamp":1639089362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/124\/5\/1495\/72111\/Media-Violence"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-2146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}}}