{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:57:27Z","timestamp":1792688247227,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bivariate and multivariable cross-sectional analyses were conducted on data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health on 61 779 children ages 6 to 17 years, including 5028 with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parent-reported diagnosed prevalence of ADHD was 8.2%. Children with ADHD were more likely to have other mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions. Parents reported that 46% of children with ADHD had a learning disability versus 5% without ADHD, 27% vs 2% had a conduct disorder, 18% vs 2% anxiety, 14% vs 1% depression, and 12% vs 3% speech problems (all P &amp;lt; .05). Most children with ADHD had at least 1 comorbid disorder: 33% had 1, 16% had 2, and 18% had 3 or more. The risk for having 3 or more comorbidities was 3.8 times higher for poor versus affluent children (30% vs 8%). Children with ADHD had higher odds of activity restriction (odds ratio: 4.14 [95% confidence interval: 3.34\u20135.15]), school problems (odds ratio: 5.18 [95% confidence interval: 4.47\u20136.01]), grade repetition, and poor parent-child communication, whereas social competence scores were lower and parent aggravation higher. Functioning declined in a stepwise fashion with increasing numbers of comorbidities, and use of health and educational services and need for care coordination increased.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical management of ADHD must address multiple comorbid conditions and manage a range of adverse functional outcomes. Therapeutic approaches should be responsive to each child's neurodevelopmental profile, tailored to their unique social and family circumstances, and integrated with educational, mental health and social support services.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T04:44:45Z","timestamp":1297140285000},"page":"462-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":477,"title":["Patterns of Comorbidity, Functioning, and Service Use for US Children With ADHD, 2007"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Kandyce","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Los Angeles, California;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley A.","family":"Russ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Los Angeles, California;"},{"name":"Department of Academic Primary Care Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal","family":"Halfon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Los Angeles, California;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;"},{"name":"Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2021121006583951000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00430.x","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"96","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121006583951000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm022","article-title":"The economic impact of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Pelham","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121006583951000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2006.03.001","article-title":"Child mental health and human capital accumulation: the case of ADHD","volume":"25","author":"Currie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121006583951000_B4","first-page":"A52","article-title":"Emotional and behavioral difficulties and impairments in everyday functioning among children with a history of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"3","author":"Strine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"237","key":"2021121006583951000_B5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States, 2004\u20132006","author":"Pastor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 10"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121006583951000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919454","article-title":"Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children","volume":"18","author":"August","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121006583951000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040601112773","article-title":"Learning, attention, writing, and processing speed in typical children and children with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder","volume":"13","author":"Mayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121006583951000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2009.09.005","article-title":"Comorbidity study of ADHD: applying association rule mining (ARM) to National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan","volume":"78","author":"Tai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"2021121006583951000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-1003-7","article-title":"Tic disorders and ADHD: answers from a world-wide clinical data set on Tourette syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Freeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121006583951000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0587-1","article-title":"Language profiles in ASD, SLI, and ADHD","volume":"38","author":"Geurts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121006583951000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9166-8","article-title":"Children with comorbid speech sound disorder and specific language impairment are at increased risk for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"36","author":"McGrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121006583951000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199908000-00013","article-title":"Psychosocial and clinical correlates of ADHD in a community sample of school-age children","volume":"38","author":"Scahill","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121006583951000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-2-15","article-title":"ADHD characteristics: I. 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