{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:02:03Z","timestamp":1777395723320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Screening could identify preschool-aged children with vision problems at a critical period of visual development and lead to treatments that could improve vision.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the effectiveness of screening preschool-aged children for impaired visual acuity on health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched Medline from 1950 to July 2009 and the Cochrane Library through the third quarter of 2009, reviewed reference lists, and consulted experts. We selected randomized trials and controlled observational studies on preschool vision screening and treatments, and studies of diagnostic accuracy of screening tests. One investigator abstracted relevant data, and a second investigator checked data abstraction and quality assessments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Direct evidence on the effectiveness of preschool vision screening for improving visual acuity or other clinical outcomes remains limited and does not adequately address whether screening is more effective than no screening. Regarding indirect evidence, a number of screening tests have utility for identification of preschool-aged children with vision problems. Diagnostic accuracy did not clearly differ for children stratified according to age, although testability rates were generally lower in children 1 to 3 years of age. Treatments for amblyopia or unilateral refractive error were associated with mild improvements in visual acuity compared with no treatment. No study has evaluated school performance or other functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although treatments for amblyopia or unilateral refractive error can improve vision in preschool-aged children and screening tests have utility for identifying vision problems, additional studies are needed to better understand the effects of screening compared with no screening.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T02:10:26Z","timestamp":1296526226000},"page":"e442-e479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1\u20135 Years: Update for the USPSTF"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Evidence-Based Practice Center and"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and"},{"name":"Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Evidence-Based Practice Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Bougatsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Evidence-Based Practice Center and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2021121007065074900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31818b9911","article-title":"Effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children","volume":"85","author":"Webber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007065074900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.08.007","article-title":"Lions Clubs International Foundation Core Four Photoscreening: results from 17 programs and 400,000 preschool children","volume":"10","author":"Donahue","year":"2006","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007065074900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.006","article-title":"Prevalence of decreased visual acuity among preschool-aged children in an American urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study, methods, and results","volume":"115","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121007065074900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months","volume":"115","author":"Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121007065074900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2005.tb05102.x","article-title":"Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment","volume":"88","author":"Webber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007065074900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.5.582","article-title":"Natural history of amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance","volume":"83","author":"Simons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007065074900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)32170-8","article-title":"The sensitive period for strabismic amblyopia in humans","volume":"100","author":"Epelbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2021121007065074900_B8","first-page":"431","article-title":"The therapy of amblyopia: an analysis of the results of amblyopia therapy utilizing the pooled data of published studies","volume":"96","author":"Flynn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121007065074900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199808000-00022","article-title":"Vision screening of preschool children: evaluating the past, looking toward the future","volume":"75","author":"Ciner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007065074900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(03)00182-4","article-title":"Preschool vision screening: what should we be detecting and how should we report it? 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