{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:55:44Z","timestamp":1780350944888,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current clinical guidelines recommend that orchidopexy be performed by the age of 1 in patients with congenital undescended testis. We sought to examine trends in surgical timing and to determine what factors are associated with age at surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) is a national database of &amp;gt;40 freestanding children's hospitals. We searched the PHIS to identify boys with cryptorchidism who underwent orchidopexy between 1999 and 2008. Patient age at orchidopexy was evaluated, and we used multivariate models to determine factors associated with timing of surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 28 204 children who underwent orchidopexy at PHIS hospitals. Of these, 14 916 (53%) were white, and 17 070 (61%) had public insurance. Only 5031 patients (18%) underwent orchidopexy by the age of 1 year; only 12 165 (43%) underwent orchidopexy by the age of 2 years. These figures remained stable over time (P = .32). After adjusting for patient clustering, race (P &amp;lt; .001) and insurance status (P &amp;lt; .001) remained associated with patient age at orchidopexy; however, the treating hospital (P &amp;lt; .001) was the most important factor in predicting the timing of the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only 43% had surgery by 2 years of age, which suggests that either significant numbers of boys with congenital cryptorchidism do not undergo surgery in a timely fashion or late-onset testicular ectopy is more common than generally recognized. Factors associated with the timing of orchidopexy include patient race, insurance status, and the hospital in which surgery is performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]],"date-time":"2010-08-23T21:54:55Z","timestamp":1282600495000},"page":"e576-e582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Variations in Timing of Surgery Among Boys Who Underwent Orchidopexy for Cryptorchidism"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Kokorowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Routh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and"},{"name":"Harvard Pediatric Health Services Research Fellowship Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionne A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Program, Children's Hospital Boston, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb P.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021121009445979400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.1.44","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism","volume":"92","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121009445979400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0181","article-title":"Undescended testes: a consensus on management","volume":"159","author":"Ritz\u00e9n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121009445979400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-004-0028-4","article-title":"The relationship of cryptorchidism to fertility","volume":"5","author":"Trussell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121009445979400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.04.032","article-title":"Age at orchiopexy and testis palpability predict germ and Leydig cell loss: clinical predictors of adverse histological features of cryptorchidism","volume":"182","author":"Tasian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121009445979400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241171","article-title":"Sperm count of young men surgically treated for cryptorchidism in the first and second year of life: fertility is better in children treated at a younger age","volume":"19","author":"Canavese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121009445979400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-007-1900-3","article-title":"Orchidopexy and its impact on fertility","volume":"23","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"issue":"3 pt 2","key":"2021121009445979400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199809020-00052","article-title":"Correlations among hormone levels, sperm parameters and paternity in formerly unilaterally cryptorchid men","volume":"160","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121009445979400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.074","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction","volume":"181","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121009445979400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.4.590","article-title":"Timing of elective surgery on the genitalia of male children with particular reference to the risks, benefits, and psychological effects of surgery and anesthesia","volume":"97","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Urology","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"33\u201334","key":"2021121009445979400_B10","first-page":"492","article-title":"Management of cryptorchidism in children: guidelines","volume":"138","author":"Gapany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121009445979400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.04.052","article-title":"Orchiopexy practice patterns in New York State from 1984 to 2002","volume":"176","author":"Capello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121009445979400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2003.00398.x","article-title":"Achieving early surgery for undescended testes: quality improvement through a multifaceted approach to guideline implementation","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2021121009445979400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830000535","article-title":"The ascending testis: is late orchidopexy due to failure of screening or late ascent?","volume":"17","author":"Lamah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121009445979400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.03.029","article-title":"Undescended testis in older boys: further evidence that ascending testes are common","volume":"43","author":"Guven","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121009445979400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36151-7","article-title":"Anatomical, morphological and volumetric analysis: a review of 759 cases of testicular maldescent","volume":"149","author":"Cendron","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4 pt 2","key":"2021121009445979400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.173","article-title":"Surgical treatment of unilaterally undescended testes: testicular growth after randomization to orchiopexy at age 9 months or 3 years","volume":"178","author":"Kollin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121009445979400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01788.x","article-title":"Histological evidences suggest recommending orchiopexy within the first year of life for children with unilateral inguinal cryptorchid testis","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2021121009445979400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00452859","article-title":"Development of cryptorchid testes","volume":"146","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121009445979400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70034-X","article-title":"Cryptorchidism, pediatricians, and family practitioners: patterns of practice and referral","volume":"127","author":"Steckler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121009445979400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04317.x","article-title":"Previous testicular position in boys referred for an undescended testis: further explanation of the late orchidopexy enigma?","volume":"92","author":"Hack","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121009445979400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64223-1","article-title":"The ascending testis and the testis undescended since birth share the same histopathology","volume":"168","author":"Rusnack","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6 pt 1","key":"2021121009445979400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000095793.04232.d8","article-title":"The epidemiology of congenital cryptorchidism, testicular ascent and orchiopexy","volume":"170","author":"Barthold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121009445979400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00674-9","article-title":"Retractile testis: is it really a normal variant?","volume":"175","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121009445979400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.23956","article-title":"Cremasteric reflex and retraction of a testis","volume":"36","author":"Bing\u00f6l-Kolo\u011flu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121009445979400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2009.01.102","article-title":"Kidney transplantation in children and adolescents: an analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing Database","volume":"41","author":"Hardy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"2021121009445979400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.167","article-title":"Evidence of variation by race in the timing of surgery for correction of pediatric ureteropelvic junction obstruction","volume":"178","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121009445979400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.4.538","article-title":"Primary vesicoureteral reflux in the black child","volume":"87","author":"Skoog","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/126\/3\/e576\/846568\/zpe0091000e576.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/126\/3\/e576\/846568\/zpe0091000e576.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T19:49:19Z","timestamp":1685735359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/126\/3\/e576\/66200\/Variations-in-Timing-of-Surgery-Among-Boys-Who"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-0747","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.735355249.793558020","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]}}}