{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:48:00Z","timestamp":1788565680839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>This Clinical Report was revised. See https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1411.<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Retinal hemorrhage is an important indicator of possible abusive head trauma, but it is also found in a number of other conditions. Distinguishing the type, number, and pattern of retinal hemorrhages may be helpful in establishing a differential diagnosis. Identification of ocular abnormalities requires a full retinal examination by an ophthalmologist using indirect ophthalmoscopy through a pupil that has been pharmacologically dilated. At autopsy, removal of the eyes and orbital tissues may also reveal abnormalities not discovered before death. In previously well young children who experience unexpected apparent life-threatening events with no obvious cause, children with head trauma that results in significant intracranial hemorrhage and brain injury, victims of abusive head trauma, and children with unexplained death, premortem clinical eye examination and postmortem examination of the eyes and orbits may be helpful in detecting abnormalities that can help establish the underlying etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T01:50:05Z","timestamp":1280195405000},"page":"376-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The Eye Examination in the Evaluation of Child Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Alex V.","family":"Levin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy W.","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, Section on Ophthalmology","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024081914513812500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700426","article-title":"Ophthalmologic findings in infants after an apparent life-threatening event","volume":"17","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081914513812500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.3.557","article-title":"Prevalence of retinal hemorrhages and child abuse in children who present with an apparent life-threatening event","volume":"110","author":"Pitetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"25","key":"2024081914513812500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382507","article-title":"Nonaccidental head injury in infants: the shaken baby syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Duhaime","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081914513812500_B4","first-page":"318","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of physical child abuse","volume":"75","author":"Friendly","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024081914513812500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.7.621","article-title":"Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma","volume":"281","author":"Jenny","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024081914513812500_B6","first-page":"151","article-title":"Retinal haemorrhage and child abuse","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Paediatrics","author":"Levin","year":"2000"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024081914513812500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00161-5","article-title":"Shaken baby syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Kivlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081914513812500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.161","article-title":"Non-ophthalmologists' accuracy in diagnosing retinal hemorrhages in the shaken baby syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Morad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081914513812500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.07.009","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages in patients with epidural hematomas","volume":"12","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"7442","key":"2024081914513812500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.754","article-title":"Perimacular retinal folds from childhood head trauma","volume":"328","author":"Lantz","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024081914513812500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.12.1782","article-title":"Perimacular retinal folds simulating nonaccidental injury in an infant","volume":"124","author":"Lueder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024081914513812500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.6.800","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages in children following fatal motor vehicle crashes: a case series","volume":"126","author":"Kivlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024081914513812500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.12.1773","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages of crush head injury: learning from outliers","volume":"124","author":"Levin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024081914513812500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.10.1011","article-title":"Abusive head injury as a cause of apparent life-threatening events in infancy","volume":"157","author":"Altman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2 pt 1","key":"2024081914513812500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.2.179","article-title":"Head injury in very young children: mechanism, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age","volume":"90","author":"Duhaime","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024081914513812500_B16","first-page":"87","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages, seizures, and intracranial hemorrhages: relationship and outcomes in children suffering traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Luerssen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Concepts Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024081914513812500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31741-5","article-title":"Retinal findings after head trauma in infants and young children","volume":"99","author":"Buys","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081914513812500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.03.005","article-title":"Odds of abuse associated with retinal hemorrhages in children suspected of child abuse","volume":"13","author":"Binenbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024081914513812500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020546037","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhage predicts neurologic injury in the shaken baby syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6 pt 1","key":"2024081914513812500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.1382","article-title":"Occult head injury in high-risk abused children","volume":"111","author":"Rubin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081914513812500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.03.038","article-title":"Postmortem orbital findings in shaken baby syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Wygnanski-Jaffe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081914513812500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702163","article-title":"Protective ocular mechanisms in woodpeckers","volume":"21","author":"Wygnanski-Jaffe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081914513812500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1385\/FSMP:1:1:053","article-title":"Mechanistic hypothesis for eye injury in infant shaking: an experimental and computational study","volume":"1","author":"Cirovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forens Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081914513812500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.11.006","article-title":"Finite element model of ocular injury in shaken baby syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024081914513812500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.10.028","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages in type I osteogenesis imperfecta after minor trauma","volume":"111","author":"Ganesh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081914513812500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31815b4c00","article-title":"Guidelines for postmortem protocol for ocular investigation of sudden unexplained infant death and suspected physical child abuse","volume":"28","author":"Gilliland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/126\/2\/376\/1691941\/zpe00810000376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/126\/2\/376\/1691941\/zpe00810000376.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T14:52:04Z","timestamp":1724079124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/126\/2\/376\/68639\/The-Eye-Examination-in-the-Evaluation-of-Child"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-1397","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]}}}