{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:28:36Z","timestamp":1783445316432,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n There is no safe level of secondhand tobacco-smoke exposure, and no previous studies have explored multiunit housing as a potential contributor to secondhand tobacco-smoke exposure in children. We hypothesized that children who live in apartments have higher cotinine levels than those who live in detached homes, when controlling for demographics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n We analyzed data from the 2001\u20132006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The housing types we included in our study were detached houses (including mobile homes), attached houses, and apartments. Our study subjects were children between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Cotinine levels were used to assess secondhand tobacco-smoke exposure, and those living with someone who smoked inside the home were excluded. \u03c72 tests, t tests, and Tobit regression models were used in Stata. Sample weights accounted for the complex survey design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Of 5002 children in our study, 73% were exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke. Children living in apartments had an increase in cotinine of 45% over those living in detached houses. This increase was 212% (P &lt; .01) for white residents and 46% (P &lt; .03) for black residents, but there was no significant increase for those of other races\/ethnicities. At every cutoff level of cotinine, children in apartments had higher rates of exposure. The exposure effect of housing type was most pronounced at lower levels of cotinine.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Most children without known secondhand tobacco-smoke exposure inside the home still showed evidence of tobacco-smoke exposure. Children in apartments had higher mean cotinine levels than children in detached houses. Potential causes for this result could be seepage through walls or shared ventilation systems. Smoking bans in multiunit housing may reduce children's exposure to tobacco smoke.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,14]],"date-time":"2010-12-14T04:32:50Z","timestamp":1292301170000},"page":"85-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Tobacco-Smoke Exposure in Children Who Live in Multiunit Housing"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York;"},{"name":"Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York;"},{"name":"Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron K.","family":"Blumkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois;"},{"name":"Public Health Advocacy Institute, Northeastern University School of Law, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Winickoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4 pt 2","key":"2021120900234492100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2000M","article-title":"Indoor environmental exposures among children with asthma seen in an urban emergency department","volume":"117","author":"Teach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021120900234492100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306103282303","article-title":"Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children","volume":"328","author":"Chilmonczyk","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120900234492100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8501","article-title":"Coal home heating and environmental tobacco smoke in relation to lower respiratory illness in Czech children, from birth to 3 years of age","volume":"114","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900234492100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mjt.0000140648.30948.bd","article-title":"Possible pathomechanisms of sudden infant death syndrome: key role of chronic hypoxia, infection\/inflammation states, cytokine irregularities, and metabolic trauma in genetically predisposed infants","volume":"11","author":"Prandota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900234492100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520650","article-title":"Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with the metabolic syndrome in adolescents","volume":"112","author":"Weitzman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900234492100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.026","article-title":"The 2006 Report of the Surgeon General: the health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke","volume":"32","author":"Moritsugu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"2021120900234492100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.674804","article-title":"Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with attenuated endothelial function in 11-year-old healthy children","volume":"115","author":"Kallio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900234492100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7210","article-title":"Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"113","author":"Yolton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120900234492100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11177","article-title":"Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. children: NHANES 2001\u20132004","volume":"116","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120900234492100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200812-1920OC","article-title":"Acute and short-term effects of secondhand smoke on lung function and cytokine production","volume":"179","author":"Flouris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021120900234492100_B11","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 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