{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1793172782879,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether the interpregnancy interval (IPI) is associated with the risk of autism in subsequent births.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pairs of first- and second-born singleton full siblings were identified from all California births that occurred from 1992 to 2002 using birth records, and autism diagnoses were identified by using linked records of the California Department of Developmental Services. IPI was calculated as the time interval between birth dates minus the gestational age of the second sibling. In the primary analysis, logistic regression models were used to determine whether odds of autism in second-born children varied according to IPI. To address potential confounding by unmeasured family-level factors, a case-sibling control analysis determined whether affected sibling (first versus second) varied with IPI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>An inverse association between IPI and odds of autism among 662 730 second-born children was observed. In particular, IPIs of &amp;lt;12, 12 to 23, and 24 to 35 months were associated with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for autism of 3.39 (3.00\u20133.82), 1.86 (1.65\u20132.10), and 1.26 (1.10\u20131.45) relative to IPIs of \u226536 months. The association was not mediated by preterm birth or low birth weight and persisted across categories of sociodemographic characteristics, with some attenuation in the oldest and youngest parents. Second-born children were at increased risk of autism relative to their firstborn siblings only in pairs with short IPIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that children born after shorter intervals between pregnancies are at increased risk of developing autism; the highest risk was associated with pregnancies spaced &amp;lt;1 year apart.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,11]],"date-time":"2011-01-11T03:07:48Z","timestamp":1294715268000},"page":"246-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Closely Spaced Pregnancies Are Associated With Increased Odds of Autism in California Sibling Births"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Keely","family":"Cheslack-Postava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars, Columbia University, New York, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayuet","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul F. Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Bearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul F. Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121007090873900_B1","first-page":"401","article-title":"The environment as an etiologic factor in autism: a new direction for research","volume":"108","author":"London","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007090873900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0927","article-title":"Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"123","author":"Bilder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121007090873900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.326","article-title":"Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings","volume":"161","author":"Kolevzon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021121007090873900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.15.1809","article-title":"Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"295","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121007090873900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.08.002","article-title":"Effect of interpregnancy interval on birth outcomes: findings from three recent US studies","volume":"89","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2021121007090873900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1732S","article-title":"The risk of maternal nutritional depletion and poor outcomes increases in early or closely spaced pregnancies","volume":"133","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"9298","key":"2021121007090873900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07105-7","article-title":"Short interpregnancy intervals and unfavourable pregnancy outcome: role of folate depletion","volume":"358","author":"Smits","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007090873900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.1.147","article-title":"Association between short interpregnancy intervals and term birth weight: the role of folate depletion","volume":"88","author":"van Eijsden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7271","key":"2021121007090873900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7271.1255","article-title":"Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with interpregnancy interval: cross sectional study","volume":"321","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121007090873900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn115","article-title":"Effects of interpregnancy interval on blood pressure in consecutive pregnancies","volume":"168","author":"Mikolajczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007090873900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.10.002","article-title":"Association between short birth intervals and schizophrenia in the offspring","volume":"70","author":"Smits","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007090873900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015405914950","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of autism in a California population: who is at risk?","volume":"32","author":"Croen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2021121007090873900_B13","first-page":"258","article-title":"Introduction to stratified analysis","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Greenland","year":"2008","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007090873900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2005.00606.x","article-title":"Erythrocyte folate, plasma folate and plasma homocysteine during normal pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study comprising 404 Danish women","volume":"76","author":"Milman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121007090873900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090050020718","article-title":"Declining levels of erythrocyte folate during the postpartum period among Hispanic women living on the Texas-Mexico border","volume":"9","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Womens Health Gend Based Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007090873900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq001","article-title":"Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Abu-Saad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121007090873900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.8.1182","article-title":"The impact of short interpregnancy intervals on pregnancy outcomes in a low-income population","volume":"88","author":"Klerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121007090873900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp247","article-title":"Risk of autism and increasing maternal and paternal age in a large north American population","volume":"170","author":"Grether","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007090873900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015453830880","article-title":"The changing prevalence of autism in California","volume":"32","author":"Croen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007090873900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050058","article-title":"Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism","volume":"7","author":"De Giacomo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121007090873900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-5294-y","article-title":"Brief report: parental reporting of regression in children with pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"34","author":"Siperstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007090873900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0330-8","article-title":"Parental recognition of developmental problems in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"37","author":"Chawarska","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007090873900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0754-z","article-title":"Investigation of shifts in autism reporting in the California Department of Developmental Services","volume":"39","author":"Grether","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007090873900_B24","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Social influence and the autism epidemic","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJS"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007090873900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10168","article-title":"Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley","volume":"115","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121007090873900_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9120","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay area","volume":"114","author":"Windham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2021121007090873900_B27","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Data 2010: the Healthy People 2010 database (Objective: 09-02). Available at: http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/data2010. Accessed August 5, 2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121007090873900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080006532.x","article-title":"Choice and chance: determinants of short interpregnancy intervals in Denmark","volume":"80","author":"Kaharuza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007090873900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-008-0793-2","article-title":"Pregnancy spacing among women delaying initiation of childbearing","volume":"279","author":"Nabukera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/2\/246\/1055678\/zpe00211000246.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/2\/246\/1055678\/zpe00211000246.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T22:43:11Z","timestamp":1712097791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/127\/2\/246\/65213\/Closely-Spaced-Pregnancies-Are-Associated-With"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-2371","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}}}