{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:23:20Z","timestamp":1773923000949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although some have suggested that kernicterus disappeared in the United States in the 1970s to 1980s and dramatically reappeared in the 1990s, population-based data to support such a resurgence are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used diagnosis codes on data collection forms from the California Department of Developmental Services (DDS) to identify kernicterus cases among children born from 1988 to 1997. We examined kernicterus mortality trends in the United States from 1979 to 2006 using death certificate data from the National Center for Health Statistics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 25 cases of physician-diagnosed kernicterus. This figure was augmented to reflect estimates of cases lost to infant mortality, yielding incidence estimates of 1 in 200 000 California live births, 1 in 2500 among children who received services from DDS, and 1 in 400 children with cerebral palsy. There was no significant trend in kernicterus incidence from 1988 to 1997 (P = .77). Incidence before and after the 1994 publication of the AAP practice parameter for hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term infants was not significantly different (P = .92). Nationally, there were 3 reported infant deaths from kernicterus in 1994 and 2 or fewer in the other 28 years from 1979 to 2006 (0.28 deaths per million live births): there was no significant increase in kernicterus mortality over this period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from California do not support a resurgence of kernicterus in the 1990s. Deaths from kernicterus in the United States have remained rare, with no apparent increase during the last 25 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,29]],"date-time":"2011-03-29T01:32:32Z","timestamp":1301362352000},"page":"672-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Evidence Suggests There Was Not a \u201cResurgence\u201d of Kernicterus in the 1990s"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Jordan C.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Fisher-Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne W.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics,"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics,"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007032670100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211152","article-title":"Kernicterus: epidemiological strategies for its prevention through systems-based approaches","volume":"24","author":"Bhutani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121007032670100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.123098","article-title":"System-based approach to management of neonatal jaundice and prevention of kernicterus","volume":"140","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007032670100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30097-6","article-title":"Guidelines for management of the jaundiced term and near-term infant","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121007032670100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.4-11-e308","article-title":"How to make kernicterus a \u201cnever event.\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Davidson","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007032670100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01368.x","article-title":"Recurrence of kernicterus in term and near-term infants in Denmark","volume":"89","author":"Ebbesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007032670100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1075","article-title":"Developmental follow-up of breast-fed term and near-term infants with marked hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"107","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007032670100_B7","first-page":"736","article-title":"A pilot registry for acute and chronic kernicterus in term and near-term infants","volume":"104","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"2021121007032670100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.4.734","article-title":"Hidden risks: early discharge and bilirubin toxicity due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"96","author":"MacDonald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"2021121007032670100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.4.730","article-title":"Kernicterus in otherwise healthy, breast-fed term newborns","volume":"96","author":"Maisels","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021121007032670100_B10","first-page":"491","article-title":"Kernicterus in full-term infants\u2014United States, 1994\u20131998","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"6 pt 1","key":"2021121007032670100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.6.1003","article-title":"Kernicterus in a full term infant","volume":"93","author":"Penn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121007032670100_B12","unstructured":"Sheridan\u2008SE (September\u200811, 2000). 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