{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:13:36Z","timestamp":1791274416800,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>This Clinical Report was reaffirmed March 2021.<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This clinical report reviews the currently known health benefits of probiotic and prebiotic products, including those added to commercially available infant formula and other food products for use in children. Probiotics are supplements or foods that contain viable microorganisms that cause alterations of the microflora of the host. Use of probiotics has been shown to be modestly effective in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in (1) treating acute viral gastroenteritis in healthy children; and (2) preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in healthy children. There is some evidence that probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants (birth weight between 1000 and 1500 g), but more studies are needed. The results of RCTs in which probiotics were used to treat childhood Helicobacter pylori gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic ulcerative colitis, and infantile colic, as well as in preventing childhood atopy, although encouraging, are preliminary and require further confirmation. Probiotics have not been proven to be beneficial in treating or preventing human cancers or in treating children with Crohn disease. There are also safety concerns with the use of probiotics in infants and children who are immunocompromised, chronically debilitated, or seriously ill with indwelling medical devices.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Prebiotics are supplements or foods that contain a nondigestible food ingredient that selectively stimulates the favorable growth and\/or activity of indigenous probiotic bacteria. Human milk contains substantial quantities of prebiotics. There is a paucity of RCTs examining prebiotics in children, although there may be some long-term benefit of prebiotics for the prevention of atopic eczema and common infections in healthy infants. Confirmatory well-designed clinical research studies are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,30]],"date-time":"2010-11-30T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1291093927000},"page":"1217-1231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":335,"title":["Probiotics and Prebiotics in Pediatrics"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Dan W.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank R.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Committee on Nutrition; Section on Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090613260263100_B1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Health Organization. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: joint FAO\/WHO Working Group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Available at: ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/es\/esn\/food\/wgreport2.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2010"},{"key":"2024090613260263100_B2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Health Organization. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria: report of a joint FAO\/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Available at: www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/fs_management\/en\/probiotics.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2010"},{"key":"2024090613260263100_B3","unstructured":"Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Probiotics: Their Potential to Impact Human Health. Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology; 2007. Available at: www.cast-science.org\/websiteUploads\/publicationPDFs\/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdf. 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