{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:19:25Z","timestamp":1771003165075,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 4% to 12% of pregnant women have asthma; few studies have examined the effects of maternal asthma medication use on birth defects. We examined whether maternal asthma medication use during early pregnancy increased the risk of selected birth defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>National Birth Defects Prevention Study data for 2853 infants with 1 or more selected birth defects (diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, small intestinal atresia, anorectal atresia, neural tube defects, omphalocele, or limb deficiencies) and 6726 unaffected control infants delivered from October 1997 through December 2005 were analyzed. Mothers of cases and controls provided telephone interviews of medication use and additional potential risk factors. Exposure was defined as maternal periconceptional (1 month prior through the third month of pregnancy) asthma medication use (bronchodilator or anti-inflammatory). Associations between maternal periconceptional asthma medication use and individual major birth defects were estimated by using adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>No statistically significant associations were observed for maternal periconceptional asthma medication use and most defects studied; however, positive associations were observed between maternal asthma medication use and isolated esophageal atresia (bronchodilator use: aOR = 2.39, 95%CI = 1.23, 4.66), isolated anorectal atresia (anti-inflammatory use: aOR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.09, 4.12), and omphalocele (bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory use: aOR = 4.13, 95%CI = 1.43, 11.95).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Positive associations were observed for anorectal atresia, esophageal atresia, and omphalocele and maternal periconceptional asthma medication use, but not for other defects studied. It is possible that observed associations may be chance findings or may be a result of maternal asthma severity and related hypoxia rather than medication use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,17]],"date-time":"2012-01-17T01:30:18Z","timestamp":1326763818000},"page":"e317-e324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Maternal Asthma Medication Use and the Risk of Selected Birth Defects"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Shao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre W.","family":"Munsie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele L.","family":"Herdt-Losavio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte M.","family":"Druschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn L.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Olney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903082965300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00008-5","article-title":"Asthma prevalence among pregnant and childbearing-aged women in the United States: estimates from national health surveys","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903082965300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.10.023","article-title":"NAEPP Expert Panel Report. 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