{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:25:10Z","timestamp":1790256310680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n Prenatal smoke exposure is associated with airway inflammation and asthma in children. It also increases the risk of low birth weight (LBW). LBW is associated with decreased lung function independently of smoking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n To study the independent and joint effects of prenatal smoking and LBW on childhood asthma.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n In 1996, all children aged 7 to 8 years in 3 cities in northern Sweden were invited to an International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood questionnaire survey. This study focused on the follow-up of children aged 11 to 12 years, in which 3389 children (96%) participated. A subset of 2121 children underwent skin-prick testing. Self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma has been clinically validated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Mean birth weight was 3360 g in children exposed to prenatal smoking and 3571 g in nonexposed children (P &lt; .001). The association of prenatal smoking with physician-diagnosed asthma was stronger in LBW children (risk ratio: 8.8 [95% confidence interval: 2.1\u201338]) than in normal birth weight children (risk ratio: 1.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.0\u20131.8]). LBW alone was not an independent predictor of asthma. These associations were similar in multivariate analysis, and the interaction term LBW \u00d7 smoking was highly statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n There was a strong interaction of LBW and prenatalsmoking on the risk of physician-diagnosed asthma, which has not been demonstrated previously. This was consistently seen with adjustment for known risk factors, including allergic sensitization. Plausibly, airway inflammation from prenatal smoke exposure induces obstructive symptoms more easily in the underdeveloped airways of LBW children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]],"date-time":"2011-03-22T04:06:20Z","timestamp":1300766780000},"page":"e905-e912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A Strong Synergism of Low Birth Weight and Prenatal Smoking on Asthma in Schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Bjerg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OLIN Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lule\u00e5, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnea","family":"Hedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OLIN Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lule\u00e5, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Perzanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Lundb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OLIN Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lule\u00e5, Sweden;"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"R\u00f6nmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OLIN Studies, Department of Medicine, Sunderby Central Hospital of Norrbotten, Lule\u00e5, Sweden;"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ume\u00e5, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007084339000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x","article-title":"The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee Report","volume":"59","author":"Masoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121007084339000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.01.070","article-title":"Genome screen for asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: interactions with passive smoke exposure","volume":"115","author":"Meyers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007084339000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301","article-title":"Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life","volume":"332","author":"Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121007084339000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.12.1081","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking. 3. Parental smoking and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in school age children","volume":"52","author":"Cook","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121007084339000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.06.043","article-title":"Preterm delivery and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121007084339000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.7.587","article-title":"Pediatric origins of adult lung disease. 1. The contribution of airway development to paediatric and adult lung disease","volume":"55","author":"Stick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6881","key":"2021121007084339000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6881.817","article-title":"Effects of prematurity and intrauterine growth on respiratory health and lung function in childhood","volume":"306","author":"Rona","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121007084339000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.12.1061","article-title":"Relationship between birth weight and adult lung function: controlling for maternal factors","volume":"58","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007084339000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.103978","article-title":"Associations between birth weight, early childhood weight gain and adult lung function","volume":"64","author":"Hancox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121007084339000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12061366","article-title":"Birth characteristics and asthma symptoms in young adults: results from a population-based cohort study in Norway","volume":"12","author":"Svanes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007084339000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01027.x","article-title":"Asthma during the primary school ages\u2014prevalence, remission and the impact of allergic sensitization","volume":"61","author":"Bjerg-B\u00e4cklund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007084339000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.5.396","article-title":"Birth weight, body mass index and asthma in young adults","volume":"54","author":"Shaheen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121007084339000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009748","article-title":"Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study","volume":"149","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121007084339000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10081774","article-title":"In utero exposure to cigarette smoking influences lung function at birth","volume":"10","author":"L\u00f6drup Carlsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121007084339000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.2.2006009","article-title":"Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children","volume":"163","author":"Gilliland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007084339000_B16","first-page":"663","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007084339000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.1.136","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy, fetal development, and childhood asthma","volume":"94","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007084339000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200610-1441OC","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms in the first 7 years of life and birth weight at term: the PIAMA birth cohort","volume":"175","author":"Caudri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121007084339000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(98)90115-9","article-title":"Asthma, type-1 allergy and related conditions in 7- and 8-year-old children in northern Sweden: prevalence rates and risk factor pattern","volume":"92","author":"R\u00f6nmark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007084339000_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","article-title":"International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods","volume":"8","author":"Asher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121007084339000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00044.x","article-title":"Different pattern of risk factors for atopic and nonatopic asthma among children\u2014report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden study","volume":"54","author":"R\u00f6nmark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2021121007084339000_B22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skin tests used in type i allergy testing. Position paper of European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology","volume":"44","author":"Dreborg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121007084339000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(03)01866-9","article-title":"Four-year incidence of allergic sensitization among schoolchildren in a community where allergy to cat and dog dominates sensitization: report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study Group","volume":"112","author":"R\u00f6nmark","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121007084339000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.011","article-title":"Major increase in allergic sensitization in schoolchildren from 1996 to 2006 in northern Sweden","volume":"124","author":"R\u00f6nmark","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007084339000_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2201035","article-title":"Effect of cat and dog ownership on sensitization and development of asthma among preteenage children","volume":"166","author":"Perzanowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121007084339000_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-7835-x","article-title":"Calculating measures of biological interaction","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121007084339000_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31812001d2","article-title":"Are girls more susceptible to the effects of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke on asthma?","volume":"18","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121007084339000_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.061630","article-title":"Association of maternal smoking with increased infant oxidative stress at 3 months of age","volume":"62","author":"Noakes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007084339000_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200307-1002OC","article-title":"Maternal atopic disease modifies effects of prenatal risk factors on exhaled nitric oxide in infants","volume":"170","author":"Frey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121007084339000_B30","first-page":"60","article-title":"Low birth weight for gestation and airway function in infancy: exploring the fetal origins hypothesis","volume":"59","author":"Dezateux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121007084339000_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.01939.x","article-title":"Smoke exposure interacts with ADAM33 polymorphisms in the development of lung function and hyperresponsiveness","volume":"64","author":"Reijmerink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121007084339000_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.3.204","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking. 6. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies","volume":"53","author":"Strachan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121007084339000_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9712029","article-title":"Impaired airway function and wheezing in infancy: the influence of maternal smoking and a genetic predisposition to asthma","volume":"159","author":"Dezateux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121007084339000_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00290.x","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses","volume":"58","author":"Noakes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/e905\/1055988\/zpe0041100e905.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/e905\/1055988\/zpe0041100e905.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T16:46:16Z","timestamp":1639154776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/127\/4\/e905\/65203\/A-Strong-Synergism-of-Low-Birth-Weight-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-2850","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]}}}