{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:59:03Z","timestamp":1793145543600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the impact of a \u201cwalking school bus\u201d program on children's rates of active commuting to school and physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial among 4th-graders from 8 schools in Houston, Texas (N = 149). Random allocation to treatment or control conditions was at the school level. Study staff walked with children to and from school up to 5 days\/week. Outcomes were measured the week before (time 1) and during weeks 4 and 5 of the intervention (time 2). The main outcome was the weekly rate of active commuting, and a secondary outcome was moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Covariates included sociodemographics, distance from home to school, neighborhood safety, child BMI z score, parent self-efficacy\/outcome expectations, and child self-efficacy for active commuting. A mixed-model repeated measures regression accounted for clustering by school, and stepwise procedures with backward elimination of nonsignificant covariates were used to identify significant predictors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Intervention children increased active commuting (mean \u00b1 SD) from 23.8% \u00b1 9.2% (time 1) to 54% \u00b1 9.2% (time 2), whereas control subjects decreased from 40.2% \u00b1 8.9% (time 1) to 32.6% \u00b1 8.9% (time 2) (P &lt; .0001). Intervention children increased their minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from 46.6 \u00b1 4.5 (time 1) to 48.8 \u00b1 4.5 (time 2), whereas control children decreased from 46.1 \u00b1 4.3 (time 1) to 41.3 \u00b1 4.3 (time 2) (P = .029).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n The program improved children's active commuting to school and daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,22]],"date-time":"2011-08-22T22:13:01Z","timestamp":1314051181000},"page":"e537-e544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["The Walking School Bus and Children's Physical Activity: A Pilot Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture\/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center,"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Academic General Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture\/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture\/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center,"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa A.","family":"Nicklas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture\/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center,"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris K.","family":"Uscanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture\/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Hanfling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Academic General Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Ben Taub General Hospital, Harris County Hospital District, Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021120823411710900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.8.4.488","article-title":"Active commuting to school and association with physical activity and adiposity among US youth","volume":"8","author":"Mendoza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120823411710900_B2","first-page":"A100","article-title":"Children's active commuting to school: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Davison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120823411710900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.5.6.930","article-title":"Systematic review of active commuting to school and children's physical activity and weight","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physical Activity Health"},{"issue":"3 pt 2","key":"2021120823411710900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.S2.518","article-title":"Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease","volume":"101","author":"Dietz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B5","volume-title":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report","author":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120823411710900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence","volume":"174","author":"Warburton","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120823411710900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00072.2008","article-title":"Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome in youth","volume":"105","author":"Steele","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B9","volume-title":"Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective","author":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B10","volume-title":"National Personal Transportation Survey: Transportation Characteristics of School Children","author":"US Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration","year":"1972"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B11","volume-title":"US Travel Data Show Decline in Walking and Bicycling to School Has Stabilized","author":"National Center for Safe Routes to School","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B12","volume-title":"Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2021120823411710900_B13","unstructured":"Task Force on Childhood Obesity. 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