{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:24:49Z","timestamp":1792661089380,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":279,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>This Technical Report was retired October 2025.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Learning disabilities constitute a diverse group of disorders in which children who generally possess at least average intelligence have problems processing information or generating output. Their etiologies are multifactorial and reflect genetic influences and dysfunction of brain systems. Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. It is a receptive language-based learning disability that is characterized by difficulties with decoding, fluent word recognition, rapid automatic naming, and\/or reading-comprehension skills. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonologic component of language that makes it difficult to use the alphabetic code to decode the written word. Early recognition and referral to qualified professionals for evidence-based evaluations and treatments are necessary to achieve the best possible outcome. Because dyslexia is a language-based disorder, treatment should be directed at this etiology. Remedial programs should include specific instruction in decoding, fluency training, vocabulary, and comprehension. Most programs include daily intensive individualized instruction that explicitly teaches phonemic awareness and the application of phonics. Vision problems can interfere with the process of reading, but children with dyslexia or related learning disabilities have the same visual function and ocular health as children without such conditions. Currently, there is inadequate scientific evidence to support the view that subtle eye or visual problems cause or increase the severity of learning disabilities. Because they are difficult for the public to understand and for educators to treat, learning disabilities have spawned a wide variety of scientifically unsupported vision-based diagnostic and treatment procedures. Scientific evidence does not support the claims that visual training, muscle exercises, ocular pursuit-and-tracking exercises, behavioral\/perceptual vision therapy, \u201ctraining\u201d glasses, prisms, and colored lenses and filters are effective direct or indirect treatments for learning disabilities. There is no valid evidence that children who participate in vision therapy are more responsive to educational instruction than children who do not participate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T16:21:23Z","timestamp":1298996483000},"page":"e818-e856","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Learning Disabilities, Dyslexia, and Vision"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Sheryl M.","family":"Handler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter M.","family":"Fierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Section on Ophthalmology and Council on Children with Disabilities, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and American Association of Certified Orthoptists","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120414262520800_B1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. National Reading Panel. Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000. NIH Publication 00-4769. Available at: www.nichd.nih.gov\/publications\/nrp\/upload\/smallbook_pdf.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B2","unstructured":"Hallahan\u2008DP, Mercer\u2008CD. Learning disabilities: historical perspectives. Available at: www.nrcld.org\/resources\/ldsummit\/hallahan.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B3","first-page":"770","article-title":"A word deafness and word blindness","volume-title":"Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine","author":"Kussmaul","year":"1877"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)56353-9","volume-title":"Congenital Word-Blindness","author":"Hinshelwood","year":"1917"},{"issue":"1871","key":"2025120414262520800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1871.1378","article-title":"A case of congenital word blindness","volume":"2","author":"Morgan","year":"1896","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B6","volume-title":"A special kind of blindness (Dyslexia)","author":"Berlin","year":"1887"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1925.02200170002001","article-title":"Word blindness in school children","volume":"14","author":"Orton","year":"1925","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B8","first-page":"58","article-title":"A neurological explanation of the reading disability","volume":"20","author":"Orton","year":"1939","journal-title":"Educ Rec"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/002221946900201001","article-title":"Studies in visual perception and reading in disadvantaged children","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947000300307","article-title":"Cause versus treatment in reading achievement","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.45.2.302","article-title":"Some considerations for evaluating the Doman-Delacto \u201cpatterning\u201d method","volume":"45","author":"Cohen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948301600307","article-title":"\u201cOne jumped off the balance beam\u201d: meta-analysis of perceptual-motor training","volume":"16","author":"Kavale","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B13","volume-title":"Reading Disability: A Medical Study of Word-Blindness and Related Handicaps","author":"Hermann","year":"1959"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","article-title":"Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades","volume":"45","author":"Vellutino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0387-34","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"256","author":"Vellutino","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B16","volume-title":"Remedial Work for Reading, Spelling, and Penmanship","author":"Gillingham","year":"1936"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.e43","article-title":"Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings","volume":"107","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.5.1158","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"105","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00691","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability","volume":"41","author":"Willcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"S5","key":"2025120414262520800_B20","first-page":"18","article-title":"Learning disabilities issues and definitions","volume":"33","author":"National Joint Committee for Learning Disabilities","year":"1991","journal-title":"ASHA Suppl"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201163260301","article-title":"Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability","volume":"326","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B22","unstructured":"National Center for Learning Disabilities. The state of learning disabilities. Availablei at: www.ncld.org\/images\/stories\/OnCapitolHill\/PolicyRelatedPublications\/stateofld\/StateofLD2009-final.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B23","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association Task Force on DSM-IV","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380507","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"338","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(03)00002-8","article-title":"The science of reading and dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025120414262520800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420150086042","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"261","author":"Council on Scientific Affairs","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B28","unstructured":"International Dyslexia Association. Frequently asked questions about dyslexia. Available at: www.interdys.org\/FAQ.htm. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3368\/aoj.56.1.44","article-title":"Reading: do the eyes have it","volume":"56","author":"Granet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Orthopt J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2307\/1602494","article-title":"Learning disabilities","volume":"6","author":"Lyon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B31","unstructured":"Shaywitz\u2008SE, Shaywitz\u2008BA. The neurobiology of reading and dyslexia. Available at: www.ncsall.net\/?id=278. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B32","unstructured":"Lyon\u2008GR\n          . Report on learning disabilities research. Available at: www.ldonline.org\/article\/6339. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B33","unstructured":"Lyon\u2008GR\n          . Statement of Dr. G. Reid Lyon. Available at: www.dys-add.com\/ReidLyonJeffords.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B34","volume-title":"Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Overcoming Reading Problems at Any Level","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B35","unstructured":"Torgesen\u2008JK\n          . Catch them before they fail: identification and assessment to prevent reading failure in young children. Am Educ. 1998;Spring\/Summer. Available at: www.aft.org\/pdfs\/americaneducator\/springsummer1998\/torgesen.pdf. Accessed February 7, 2011"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025120414262520800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.16.2007","article-title":"Sex differences in developmental reading disability: new findings from 4 epidemiological studies","volume":"291","author":"Rutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6807(199401)31:1<66::AID-PITS2310310109>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Prevalence of reading failure in boys compared with girls","volume":"31","author":"Flynn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450080084036","article-title":"Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls: results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study","volume":"264","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1196-98","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"275","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002242","article-title":"Toward an integrated understanding of dyslexia: genetic, neurological, and cognitive mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Pennington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1996)2:1<39::AID-MRDD7>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Genetics of specific reading disability","volume":"2","author":"DeFries","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.32-8-315","article-title":"Learning disabilities and school failure","author":"Rimrodt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B43","first-page":"259","article-title":"Rethinking learning disabilities","volume-title":"Rethinking Special Education for a New Century","author":"Lyon","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.1.3","article-title":"Developmental lag versus deficit models of reading disability: a longitudinal individual growth curve analysis","volume":"88","author":"Francis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"2025120414262520800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1984.tb01904.x","article-title":"Continuity between childhood dyslexia and adult reading","volume":"75","author":"Scarborough","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01365-3","article-title":"Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1351","article-title":"Persistence of dyslexia: the Connecticut Longitudinal Study at adolescence","volume":"104","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01836-X","article-title":"Neural systems for compensation and persistence: young adult outcome of childhood reading disability","volume":"54","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2636","article-title":"Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia","volume":"95","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120414262520800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802100910","article-title":"Retention and nonretention of at-risk readers in first grade and their subsequent reading achievement","volume":"21","author":"Juel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30198-6","article-title":"Specific developmental disorders: the language-learning continuum","volume":"8","author":"Swank","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B52","first-page":"29","article-title":"Cracking the code","author":"Joyce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Principal Leadersh"},{"issue":"5938","key":"2025120414262520800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171999","article-title":"Dyslexia: a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience","volume":"325","author":"Gabrieli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"206","key":"2025120414262520800_B54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attention deficit disorder and learning disability: United States, 1997\u201398","author":"Pastor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 10"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B55","first-page":"49","article-title":"Reading: a research-based approach","volume-title":"What's Gone Wrong in America's Classrooms","author":"Fletcher","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6956","key":"2025120414262520800_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/425340a","article-title":"Dyslexia: lost for words","volume":"425","author":"Murphy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2007.02.015","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"54","author":"Grizzle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B58","volume-title":"Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children","author":"Snow","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B59","first-page":"163","article-title":"Language problems: a key to early reading problems","volume-title":"Learning About Learning Disabilities","author":"Mann","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2025120414262520800_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN242&3_06","article-title":"Interventions aimed at improving reading success: an evidence-based approach","volume":"24","author":"Foorman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B61","unstructured":"Moats\u2008LC\n          . Teaching Reading Is Rocket Science: What Expert Teachers of Reading Should Know and Be Able to Do. Washington, DC: American Federation of Teachers; 1999. Available at: www.aft.org\/pdfs\/teachers\/rocketscience0304.pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B62","first-page":"143","article-title":"Rhyme recognition and reading and spelling in young children","volume-title":"Preschool Prevention of Reading Failure","author":"Bradley","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198905000-00004","article-title":"Educational interventions in learning disabilities","volume":"28","author":"Lerner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B64","article-title":"Why reading is not a natural process","volume":"38","author":"Lyon","year":"2000","journal-title":"LDA Newsbriefs"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190100501","article-title":"Using our current understanding of dyslexia to support early identification and intervention","volume":"19","author":"Schatschneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"2025120414262520800_B66","first-page":"261","article-title":"More than words: a common neural basis for reading and naming deficits in developmental dyslexia","volume":"128","author":"McCrory","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027185","article-title":"Tracing symbol naming speed's unique contributions to reading disabilities over time","volume":"7","author":"Bowers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919","article-title":"Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms, and orthographic skill in dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Bowers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415","article-title":"The \u201cdouble deficit hypothesis\u201d for the developmental dyslexias","volume":"91","author":"Wolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390030501","article-title":"Do different components of working memory underlie different subgroups of reading disabilities","volume":"39","author":"Swanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-005-0003-x","article-title":"Does a visual-orthographic deficit contribute to reading disability","volume":"55","author":"Badian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B72","first-page":"367","article-title":"Reading, spelling, and writing disabilities in the middle grades","volume-title":"Learning About Learning Disabilities","author":"Moats","year":"1998","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01684.x","article-title":"Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530160078018","article-title":"Neuroanatomic differences between dyslexic and normal readers on magnetic resonance imaging scans","volume":"48","author":"Duara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80537-1","article-title":"Neural systems affected in developmental dyslexia revealed by functional neuroimaging","volume":"21","author":"Eden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530080107018","article-title":"Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder\/hyperactivity","volume":"47","author":"Hynd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"6157","key":"2025120414262520800_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/331585a0","article-title":"Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing","volume":"331","author":"Petersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:3<207::AID-MRDD8>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia)","volume":"6","author":"Pugh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(01)00060-0","article-title":"Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability","volume":"34","author":"Pugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120414262520800_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.019","article-title":"Development of left occipitotemporal systems for skilled reading in children after a phonologically-based intervention","volume":"55","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2007.02.013","article-title":"Management of dyslexia, its rationale, and underlying neurobiology","volume":"54","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120414262520800_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.043","article-title":"Dyslexia (specific reading disability)","volume":"57","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"pt 10","key":"2025120414262520800_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh579","article-title":"Brain abnormalities underlying altered activation in dyslexia: a voxel based morphometry study","volume":"128","author":"Silani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200102120-00024","article-title":"Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"Temple","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0030098100","article-title":"Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: evidence from functional MRI","volume":"100","author":"Temple","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060203","article-title":"Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: a case study","volume":"6","author":"Galaburda","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180210","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies","volume":"18","author":"Galaburda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B88","first-page":"127","article-title":"The pathogenesis of childhood dyslexia","volume":"66","author":"Galaburda","year":"1988","journal-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1772","article-title":"From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia","volume":"9","author":"Galaburda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7065","key":"2025120414262520800_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7065.1096","article-title":"Dyslexia: a hundred years on","volume":"313","author":"Snowling","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B91","unstructured":"National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. Learning disabilities and young children: identification and intervention. Available at: http:\/\/ldonline.org\/article\/11511?theme=print. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1207","article-title":"Promoting early literacy in pediatric practice: twenty years of reach out and read","volume":"124","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2307\/1130343","article-title":"Long-term prediction of achievement and attitudes in mathematics and reading","volume":"57","author":"Stevenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B94","unstructured":"Torgesen\u2008JK\n          . Avoiding the Devastating Downward Spiral. The Evidence that Early Intervention Prevents Reading Failure. Available at: www.aft.org\/newspubs\/periodicals\/ae\/fall2004\/torgesen.cfm. Accessed February 7, 2011"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B95","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. A guide to disability rights laws. Available at: www.usdoj.gov\/crt\/ada\/cguide.htm. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B96","unstructured":"US Department of Education. Building the legacy: IDEA 2004. Available at: http:\/\/idea.ed.gov. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B97","unstructured":"US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. Protecting students with disabilities: frequently asked questions about Section 504 and the education of children with disabilities. Available at: www.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/504faq.html. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0885","article-title":"Provision of educationally related services for children and adolescents with chronic diseases and disabling conditions","volume":"119","author":"Cartwright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B99","unstructured":"US Access Board. The ADA Amendments Act of 2008. Available at: www.access-board.gov\/about\/laws\/ada-amendments.htm. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5826.00072","article-title":"Responsiveness-to-intervention: definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct","volume":"18","author":"Fuchs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B101","unstructured":"National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. Responsiveness to intervention and learning disabilities. Available at: www.ldonline.org\/article\/Responsiveness_to_Intervention_and_Learning_Disabilities?theme=print. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_7","article-title":"Evidence-based assessment of learning disabilities in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Fletcher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_10","article-title":"Evidence-based assessment for children and adolescents: issues in measurement development and clinical application","volume":"34","author":"Kazdin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949703000601","article-title":"Critical conceptual and methodological considerations in reading intervention research","volume":"30","author":"Lyon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B105","unstructured":"International Dyslexia Association. IDA position statement: dyslexia treatment programs. Available at: www.interdys.org\/ewebeditpro5\/upload\/IDA_Position_Statement_Dyslexia_Treatment_Programs_template(2).pdf. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.3.519","article-title":"Science informing policy: the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's contribution to reading","volume":"109","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02656912","article-title":"Multisensory programs in the public schools: a brighter future for LD children","volume":"39","author":"Ogden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"issue":"1 pt 1","key":"2025120414262520800_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.1.124","article-title":"The pediatrician's role in development and implementation of an Individual Education Plan (IEP) and\/or an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)","volume":"104","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Children With Disabilities","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"2025120414262520800_B109","first-page":"902","article-title":"Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians","volume":"111","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology; American Association of Certified Orthoptists; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B110","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology, Pediatric Ophthalmology\/Strabismus Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines: Pediatric Eye Evaluations. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2007. Available at: http:\/\/one.aao.org\/CE\/PracticeGuidelines\/PPP_Content.aspx?cid=761ac199-5cfe-42f4-b40b-33f9d5f0d364. Accessed February 7, 2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(02)00104-9","article-title":"Reading disorders in children","volume":"50","author":"Olitsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B112","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology, Complementary Therapy Task Force. Complementary Therapy Assessment: Vision Therapy for Learning Disabilities. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2001. Available at: http:\/\/one.aao.org\/CE\/PracticeGuidelines\/Therapy.aspx. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B113","article-title":"The ophthalmologist and learning disabilities","author":"Hertle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Focal Points Clinician's Corner"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B114","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. Parenting corner Q&A: learning disabilities. Available at: www.aap.org\/publiced\/BR_LearningDisabilities.htm. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B115","first-page":"714","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia (specific reading difficulty)","volume-title":"Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","author":"Martin","year":"2004","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.73.6.824","article-title":"Use of visual training for reading disabilities: a review","volume":"73","author":"Metzger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.066688","article-title":"Monocular and binocular reading performance in children with microstrabismic amblyopia","volume":"89","author":"Stifter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B118","first-page":"369","article-title":"Some characteristics of readers' eye movements","author":"McConkie","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.3.618","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing","volume":"85","author":"Rayner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(86)90037-8","article-title":"Eye movements and the perceptual span in beginning and skilled readers","volume":"41","author":"Rayner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02507.x","article-title":"Visual-ocular control of normal and learning-disabled children","volume":"29","author":"Polatajko","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36366-0","article-title":"Learning disabilities: update comment on the visual system","volume":"34","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1984.59.2.423","article-title":"A detailed study of sequential saccadic eye movements for normal- and poor-reading children","volume":"59","author":"Black","year":"1984","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1982.tb00623.x","article-title":"Ophthalmological findings in pupils of a primary school with particular reference to reading difficulties","volume":"60","author":"Blika","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198305000-00006","article-title":"Tracking eye movements are normal in dyslexic children","volume":"60","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B126","first-page":"17","article-title":"The relationship between ocular functions and reading achievement","volume":"28","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(85)90368-X","article-title":"Visual function and academic performance","volume":"99","author":"Helveston","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.73.6.869","article-title":"Reading disability: do the eyes have it","volume":"73","author":"Levine","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.006","article-title":"Perhaps correlational but not causal: no effect of dyslexic readers' magnocellular system on their eye movements during reading","volume":"44","author":"Hutzler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290601181791","article-title":"Visual attention in adults with developmental dyslexia: evidence from manual reaction time and saccade latency","volume":"24","author":"Judge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.5.1188","article-title":"Eye movement control in reading: a comparison of two types of models","volume":"22","author":"Rayner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.24483","article-title":"Reading disappearing text: cognitive control of eye movements","volume":"14","author":"Rayner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.018","article-title":"Eye movements when reading disappearing text: the importance of the word to the right of fixation","volume":"46","author":"Rayner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90142-8","article-title":"Reading twisted text: implications for the role of saccades","volume":"27","author":"Kowler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4535","key":"2025120414262520800_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7156979","article-title":"Eye movements of preschool children","volume":"215","author":"Kowler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1999.11982187","article-title":"Visual training and reading","volume":"49","author":"Hoyt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Orthoptic J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(98)90011-8","article-title":"Normal reading despite limited eye movements","volume":"2","author":"Hodgetts","year":"1998","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1999.11982188","article-title":"Problems with accommodation","volume":"49","author":"Frank","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Orthoptic J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19880701-07","article-title":"Accommodation deficiency in healthy young individuals","volume":"25","author":"Chrousos","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B140","unstructured":"Bartiss\u2008MJ\n          . Convergence insufficiency. Available at: www.emedicine.com\/oph\/topic553.htm. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1999.11982184","article-title":"Characteristics and diagnosis of convergence insufficiency","volume":"49","author":"Jenkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Orthoptic J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1997.tb00094.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of strabismus","volume":"17","author":"Stidwill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00540.x","article-title":"General binocular disorders: prevalence in a clinic population","volume":"21","author":"Lara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199802000-00012","article-title":"Frequency of convergence insufficiency in optometry clinic settings. Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) Group","volume":"75","author":"Rouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970500455436","article-title":"The relationship between convergence insufficiency and ADHD","volume":"13","author":"Granet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.25.2.117.10155","article-title":"Correlation between reading skills and different measurements of convergence amplitude","volume":"25","author":"Morad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197901000-00004","article-title":"The relationship between convergence insufficiency and school achievement","volume":"56","author":"L\u00e9tourneau","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1975.11982366","article-title":"Strabismus and learning disabilities","volume":"25","author":"Cassin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Orthopt J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1973.tb04884.x","article-title":"Visuo-motor skills and reading ability: a longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Robinson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947600900205","article-title":"The use of selected perceptual tests in differentiating between normal and learning disabled children","volume":"9","author":"Larsen","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/002246697500900307","article-title":"The relationship of selected visual-perceptual abilities to school learning","volume":"9","author":"Larsen","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Spec Educ"},{"issue":"4285","key":"2025120414262520800_B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.841344","article-title":"Reading disability: an information-processing analysis","volume":"196","author":"Morrison","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120414262520800_B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948702000707","article-title":"Management of dyslexia and related learning disabilities","volume":"20","author":"Helveston","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02085.x","article-title":"Dyslexia: ophthalmological aspects 1991","volume":"70","author":"Lennerstrand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00078-8","article-title":"Visual complaints from healthy children","volume":"44","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.03.047","article-title":"Prevalence of eye disorders in young children with eyestrain complaints","volume":"142","author":"Ip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B157","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology, Pediatric Ophthalmology\/Strabismus Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines: Esotropia and Exotropia. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2007. Available at: http:\/\/one.aao.org\/CE\/PracticeGuidelines\/PPP_Content.aspx?cid=89921a42-f4b1-47e4-a5ef-6cbbce4d0197. Accessed February 7, 2011"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B158","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology, Pediatric Ophthalmology\/Strabismus Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines: Amblyopia. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2007. Available at: http:\/\/one.aao.org\/CE\/PracticeGuidelines\/PPP_Content.aspx?cid=930d01f2-740b-433e-a973-cf68565bd27b. Accessed February 8, 2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318031b09b","article-title":"Prescribing spectacles in children: a pediatric ophthalmologist's approach","volume":"84","author":"Donahue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B160","first-page":"225","article-title":"The improved accommodometer","volume":"61","author":"Costenbader","year":"1957","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.1.100","article-title":"The treatment of convergence insufficiency","volume":"123","author":"Kushner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1999.11982185","article-title":"The treatment of convergence insufficiency","volume":"49","author":"Petrunak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Orthoptic J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.10.1336","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"126","author":"Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Study Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.10.1455","article-title":"Treatment options for symptomatic convergence insufficiency","volume":"126","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.1.14","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of treatments for convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"123","author":"Scheiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.06.003","article-title":"Visual training: current status in ophthalmology","volume":"140","author":"Helveston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1999.11982209","article-title":"An ophthalmologist's approach to children with visual perception and learning differences","volume":"49","author":"Koller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Orthopt J"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B168","volume-title":"Learning Disabilities","author":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","year":"2005"},{"issue":"7023","key":"2025120414262520800_B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7023.71","article-title":"Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't","volume":"312","author":"Sackett","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B170","unstructured":"Duke University Medical Center Library and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Health Science Library. Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine. 4th ed. 2004. Available at: www.hsl.unc.edu\/Services\/Tutorials\/EBM. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124","article-title":"Why most published research findings are false","volume":"2","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B172","unstructured":"Gorski\u2008D\n          . Does popularity lead to unreliability in scientific research?\u2008Available at: www.sciencebasedmedicine.org\/?p=553\/\/more-553. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2009.252","article-title":"Clinical trials: trial registration cannot alone transform scientific conduct","volume":"7","author":"Moja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B174","unstructured":"Wren\u2008S\n          . Ten myths about learning to read. Available at: www.readingrockets.org\/article\/351. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0805753","article-title":"Communicating medical news: pitfalls of health care journalism","volume":"360","author":"Dentzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301008","article-title":"Power, control, and validity in research","volume":"23","author":"Parker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120414262520800_B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070110048023","article-title":"Scotopic sensitivity syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Helveston","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738950100S119","article-title":"Controversial therapies","volume":"10","author":"Silver","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B179","unstructured":"Silver\u2008L\n          . Another claim of a treatment for learning disabilities: should you consider it?\u2008Available at: http:\/\/dyslexia.mtsu.edu\/modules\/articles\/displayarticle.jsp?id=84. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.72.1.5","article-title":"Snake oil, ethics, and the first amendment: what's a profession to do","volume":"72","author":"Kennedy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300402","article-title":"Detecting health fraud in the field of learning disabilities","volume":"23","author":"Worrall","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B182","unstructured":"Worrall\u2008RS, Nevyas\u2008J, Barrett\u2008S. Eye-related quackery. Available at: www.quackwatch.com\/01QuackeryRelatedTopics\/eyequack.html. Accessed June 17, 2010. In"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-583680-7.50006-0","article-title":"Sensory masking, persistence and enhancement in visual exploration and reading","volume-title":"Eye Movements in Reading: Perceptual and Language Processes","author":"Breitmeyer","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.186","article-title":"The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025120414262520800_B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304083281402","article-title":"A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability","volume":"328","author":"Lehmkuhle","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025120414262520800_B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943","article-title":"Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia","volume":"88","author":"Livingstone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3","article-title":"To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800006155","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials in dyslexics and normals: failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses","volume":"10","author":"Victor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B189","first-page":"131","article-title":"Pattern-elicited visual evoked potentials in good and poor readers","volume":"6","author":"May","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199308193290815","article-title":"Defective visual pathway in reading-disabled children","volume":"329","author":"Victor","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"pt 10","key":"2025120414262520800_B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf231","article-title":"Disabled readers suffer from visual and auditory impairments but not from a specific magnocellular deficit","volume":"125","author":"Amitay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.07.004","article-title":"Temporal processing in poor adult readers","volume":"42","author":"Conlon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00170-4","article-title":"The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: the evidence from contrast sensitivity","volume":"40","author":"Skottun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804041069","article-title":"On the use of red stimuli to isolate magnocellular responses in psychophysical experiments: a perspective","volume":"21","author":"Skottun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.09.039","article-title":"Magnocellular reading and dyslexia","volume":"45","author":"Skottun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200101","article-title":"The possible relationship between visual deficits and dyslexia: examination of a critical assumption","volume":"32","author":"Skottun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450500534076","article-title":"Yellow filters, magnocellular responses, and reading","volume":"117","author":"Skottun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120414262520800_B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000233645.60607.0b","article-title":"Attention, dyslexia, and the line-motion illusion","volume":"83","author":"Skottun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2006.00052.x","article-title":"Attention, reading and dyslexia","volume":"89","author":"Skottun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2005.12.004","article-title":"Is coherent motion an appropriate test for magnocellular sensitivity","volume":"61","author":"Skottun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120414262520800_B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000225920.97380.62","article-title":"Visual-evoked response, pattern electroretinogram, and psychophysical magnocellular thresholds in glaucoma, optic atrophy, and dyslexia","volume":"83","author":"Vaegan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00162-7","article-title":"On the prevalence of magnocellular deficits in the visual system of non-dyslexic individuals","volume":"88","author":"Skoyles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120414262520800_B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080190039026","article-title":"Dyslexia at the New York Times: (mis)understanding of parallel visual processing","volume":"110","author":"Sadun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"2025120414262520800_B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.1.164","article-title":"Monocular occlusion can improve binocular control and reading in dyslexics","volume":"123","author":"Stein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.6.791.1113","article-title":"Colored overlays for visual perceptual deficits in children with reading disability and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: are they differentially effective","volume":"20","author":"Iovino","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B206","article-title":"Successful treatment of learning difficulties","author":"Irlen"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B207","unstructured":"Irlen\u2008Institute\n          . Irlen International Newsletter. Available at: http:\/\/irlen.com\/index.php?s=inewsletters. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B208","unstructured":"Chaban\u2008P\n          . Irlen filters and learning disabilities. Available at: www.ldrc.ca\/contents\/view_article\/207\/?print=false. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301010","article-title":"Irlen lenses and reading difficulties","volume":"23","author":"Hoyt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301004","article-title":"A preface to the special series","volume":"23","author":"Wiederholt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301009","article-title":"An appraisal of the Irlen technique of correcting reading disorders using tinted overlays and tinted lenses","volume":"23","author":"Solan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301005","article-title":"The effects of Irlen colored lenses on students' specific reading skills and their perception of ability: a 12-month validity study","volume":"23","author":"Robinson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301006","article-title":"Reading disabilities and the effects of colored filters","volume":"23","author":"O'Connor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301007","article-title":"The effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving reading performance: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Blaskey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B215","first-page":"206","article-title":"Tinted lenses and related therapies for learning disabilities: a review","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1030011200023010","article-title":"Coloured lenses and reading: a review of research into reading achievement, reading strategies and causal mechanism","volume":"18","author":"Robinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Australas J Spec Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090020067025","article-title":"Do tinted lenses improve the reading performance of dyslexic children? A cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Menacker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B218","first-page":"365","article-title":"Double-masked placebo-controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays","volume":"14","author":"Wilkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1999.89.1.83","article-title":"Scotopic sensitivity\/Irlen syndrome and the use of coloured filters: a long-term placebo controlled and masked study of reading achievement and perception of ability","volume":"89","author":"Robinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00002.x","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties","volume":"22","author":"Bouldoukian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800406","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity differences between proficient and disabled readers using colored lenses","volume":"28","author":"Spafford","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00442.x","article-title":"Both coloured overlays and coloured lenses can improve reading fluency, but their optimal chromaticities differ","volume":"19","author":"Lightstone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1990.tb00625.x","article-title":"A review of the use of Irlen (tinted) lenses","volume":"18","author":"Cotton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1068\/p5045","article-title":"Increasing reading speed by using colours: issues concerning reliability and specificity, and their theoretical and practical implications","volume":"34","author":"Wilkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B225","first-page":"705","article-title":"Comparison of Irlen scotopic sensitivity syndrome test results to academic and visual performance data","volume":"65","author":"Lopez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949703000209","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of colored filter testing","volume":"30","author":"Woerz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B227","volume-title":"The Light Barrier: Understanding the Mystery of Irlen Syndrome and Light-Based Reading Difficulties","author":"Stone","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/19404159809546566","article-title":"Rate of reading, visual processing, colour and contrast","volume":"3","author":"Croyle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120414262520800_B229","first-page":"455","article-title":"Eye movement efficiency in normal and reading disabled elementary school children: effects of varying luminance and wavelength","volume":"69","author":"Solan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B230","first-page":"627","article-title":"Failure of blue-tinted lenses to change reading scores of dyslexic individuals","volume":"72","author":"Christenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1325.027","article-title":"Yellow filters can improve magnocellular function: motion sensitivity, convergence, accommodation, and reading","volume":"1039","author":"Ray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B232","first-page":"749","article-title":"Use of filters to treat visual-perception problem creates adherents and sceptics","volume":"152","author":"Coyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1989.tb00503.x","article-title":"Tinted lenses and dyslexics: a controlled study. SPELD (S.A.) Tinted Lenses Study Group","volume":"17","author":"Gole","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B234","first-page":"879","article-title":"Spatiotemporal visual function in tinted lens wearers","volume":"42","author":"Simmers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B235","first-page":"789","article-title":"Irlen lenses: a critical appraisal","volume":"61","author":"Solan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B236","first-page":"397","article-title":"Scepticism about Irlen filters to treat learning disabilities","volume":"153","author":"Romanchuk","year":"1995","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00204.x","article-title":"Do visual problems cause dyslexia","volume":"19","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/105345129102600303","article-title":"Controversial therapies: a review and critique","volume":"26","author":"Rooney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Interv School Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B239","first-page":"67","article-title":"Behavioural optometry: a critical review","volume":"1","author":"Jennings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Pract"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B240","volume-title":"Introduction to Clinical Optometry","author":"Skeffington","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B241","first-page":"93","article-title":"Skeffington syndrome case analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Behav Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B242","first-page":"9","article-title":"Thoughts on Skeffington","volume":"8","author":"Flax","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Behav Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1933.00830010115011","article-title":"Physiologic exophoria in relation to age","volume":"9","author":"Eames","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1983.tb00613.x","article-title":"Physiological exophoria","volume":"3","author":"Freier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120414262520800_B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197811000-00002","article-title":"Population study of fixation disparity, heterophoria, and vergence","volume":"55","author":"Saladin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199808000-00026","article-title":"Development of phoria in children","volume":"75","author":"Walline","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B247","volume-title":"Understanding and Managing Visual Deficits: A Guide for Occupational Therapists","author":"Scheiman","year":"2002","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199305000-00001","article-title":"Dyslexia and learning disabilities: an overview","volume":"70","author":"Solan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120414262520800_B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198811000-00007","article-title":"Vision anomalies and reading skill: a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Simons","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120414262520800_B250","first-page":"578","article-title":"Binocular anomalies and reading problems","volume":"58","author":"Simons","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120414262520800_B251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197810000-00002","article-title":"Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies","volume":"55","author":"Sheedy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120414262520800_B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197707000-00008","article-title":"Phoria, vergence, and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems","volume":"54","author":"Sheedy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025120414262520800_B253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197012000-00005","article-title":"Effects of children's nearpoint lenses upon body posture and performance","volume":"47","author":"Greenspan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198203000-00009","article-title":"The effect of accommodative deficiencies on the developmental level of perceptual skills","volume":"59","author":"Hoffman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120414262520800_B255","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Effectiveness of optometric vision therapy","volume":"49","author":"Wold","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B256","first-page":"119","article-title":"The efficacy of visual therapy: accommodative disorders and non-strabismic anomalies of binocular vision","volume":"57","author":"Suchoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120414262520800_B257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199305000-00008","article-title":"Visual symptoms and reading performance","volume":"70","author":"Grisham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B258","first-page":"45","article-title":"The visual development process","volume-title":"Visual and Perceptual Aspects for the Achieving and Underachieving Child","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1969"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00965.x","article-title":"Review of ophthalmic factors in dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1994.tb00550.x","article-title":"Investigation of accommodative and binocular function in dyslexia","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B261","first-page":"6","article-title":"Viewpoints: nearpoint lens prescribing","volume":"7","author":"Goss","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Behav Optom"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120414262520800_B262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198506000-00006","article-title":"Physiological effects of plus lens application","volume":"62","author":"Press","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025120414262520800_B263","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Low plus lenses and visual performance: a critical review","volume":"50","author":"Keller","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120414262520800_B264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197911000-00001","article-title":"The perceptual effects of low-power plus lenses: studies of emmetropic observers","volume":"56","author":"Barry","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120414262520800_B265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1988.tb06557.x","article-title":"Reading performance and low plus lenses","volume":"71","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.1.121","article-title":"Optometric vision training","volume":"77","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501800410","article-title":"Vision training revisited","volume":"18","author":"Keogh","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B268","unstructured":"American Academy of Optometry; American Optometric Association. Joint organizational policy statement: vision, learning, and dyslexia. Available at: www.aaopt.org\/about\/position\/index.asp. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947400700407","article-title":"Optometric vision training programs for children with learning disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Keogh","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B270","unstructured":"Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Technology assessment report: vision therapy. Available at: www.icsi.org\/technology_assessment_reports_-_active\/ta_vision_therapy.html. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20050301-02","article-title":"A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises","volume":"42","author":"Rawstron","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B272","article-title":"Efficacy of treatment for visual information processing dysfunction and its effect on educational performance","volume":"46","author":"Sampson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025120414262520800_B273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181b2f916","article-title":"To the editor: treatment of convergence insufficiency in childhood: a current perspective","volume":"86","author":"Granet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025120414262520800_B274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200312000-00014","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years","volume":"80","author":"Borsting","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120414262520800_B275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.2.287-a","article-title":"Home exercises for convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"124","author":"Sethi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120414262520800_B276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00607.x","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the evidence supporting the practice of behavioural vision therapy","volume":"29","author":"Barrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B277","unstructured":"Optician. News: behave yourself. Available at: www.opticianonline.net\/Articles\/2008\/08\/01\/21616\/Behave+yourself.html?key=BEHAVIOURAL. Accessed June 17, 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120414262520800_B278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/105345127601100408","article-title":"Eye exercises and reading efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Heath","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acad Ther"},{"key":"2025120414262520800_B279","first-page":"49","article-title":"Issues in learning disabilities: assessment and diagnosis","volume-title":"Collective Perspectives on Issues Affecting Learning Disabilities","author":"National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/3\/e818\/907357\/zpe0031100e818.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/3\/e818\/907357\/zpe0031100e818.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T19:27:03Z","timestamp":1764876423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/127\/3\/e818\/64947\/Learning-Disabilities-Dyslexia-and-Vision"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"references-count":279,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-3670","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}}}