{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:34:15Z","timestamp":1790728455249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>This Technical Report was revised. See https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-2461.<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite significant reductions in the number of children killed in motor vehicle crashes over the past decade, crashes continue to be the leading cause of death for children 4 years and older. Therefore, the American Academy of Pediatrics continues to recommend inclusion of child passenger safety anticipatory guidance at every health-supervision visit. This technical report provides a summary of the evidence in support of 5 recommendations for best practices to optimize safety in passenger vehicles for children from birth through adolescence that all pediatricians should know and promote in their routine practice. These recommendations are presented in the revised policy statement on child passenger safety in the form of an algorithm that is intended to facilitate their implementation by pediatricians with their patients and families. The algorithm is designed to cover the majority of situations that pediatricians will encounter in practice. In addition, a summary of evidence on a number of additional issues that affect the safety of children in motor vehicles, including the proper use and installation of child restraints, exposure to air bags, travel in pickup trucks, children left in or around vehicles, and the importance of restraint laws, is provided. Finally, this technical report provides pediatricians with a number of resources for additional information to use when providing anticipatory guidance to families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]],"date-time":"2011-03-22T04:06:20Z","timestamp":1300766780000},"page":"e1050-e1066","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Child Passenger Safety"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Dennis R.","family":"Durbin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030415070562100_B1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injury Prevention & Control, Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Available at: www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/index.html. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B2","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality Analysis Reporting System encyclopedia. Available at: www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2412","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in fatal injuries to very young children: the persistence of racial disparities","volume":"119","author":"Pressley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.04.032","article-title":"Seat belt use among American Indians\/Alaska Natives and non-Hispanic whites","volume":"33","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B5","first-page":"108","article-title":"The role of the African-American physician in reducing traffic-related injury and death among African Americans: consensus report of the National Medical Association","volume":"94","author":"Daniels","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B6","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Seat Belt Use in 2008: Race and Ethnicity Results Among Occupants Traveling With Children. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 107: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811107.PDF. Published 2009. Accessed August 17, 2010, 2010"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030415070562100_B7","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Development, implementation and evaluation of a unique African-American faith-based approach to increase automobile restraint use","volume":"98","author":"Falcone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025030415070562100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.7.879","article-title":"Use of child booster seats in motor vehicles following a community campaign: a controlled trial","volume":"289","author":"Ebel","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B9","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 1999: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data From the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2000. Available at: www.nhtsa.gov\/people\/ncsa\/809-100.pdf. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1522","article-title":"Effects of seating position and appropriate restraint use on the risk of injury to children in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"115","author":"Durbin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025030415070562100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550170067034","article-title":"Reductions in deaths in frontal crashes among right front passengers in vehicles equipped with passenger air bags","volume":"278","author":"Braver","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025030415070562100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.21.2835","article-title":"Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes","volume":"289","author":"Durbin","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00065-4","article-title":"An evaluation of the effectiveness of forward facing child restraint systems","volume":"36","author":"Arbogast","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.6.617","article-title":"Effectiveness of child safety seats vs seat belts in reducing risk for death in children in passenger vehicle crashes","volume":"160","author":"Elliott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2005.05.004","article-title":"The impact of a nationwide effort to reduce airbag-related deaths among children: an examination of fatality trends among younger and older age groups","volume":"36","author":"Nichols","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.3.270","article-title":"Effect of booster seat laws on appropriate restraint use by children 4 to 7 years old involved in crashes","volume":"161","author":"Winston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.2.311","article-title":"Where children sit in cars: the impact of Rhode Island's new legislation","volume":"91","author":"Segui-Gomez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B18","unstructured":"US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. National Household Travel Survey, 2001. Available at: http:\/\/nhts.ornl.gov. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0213","article-title":"Child passenger safety","volume":"127","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B20","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Child Restraint Use in 2008: Overall Results. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 135: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811135.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B21","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Child Restraint Use in 2008: Use of Correct Restraint Types. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 132: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811132.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B22","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Child Restraint Use in 2008: Demographic Results. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 148: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811148.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B23","volume-title":"Fact and Trend Report","author":"Partners for Child Passenger Safety","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0908","article-title":"Effectiveness of belt positioning booster seats: an updated assessment","volume":"124","author":"Arbogast","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.08.050","article-title":"Epidemiologic aspects of overweight and obesity in the United States","volume":"86","author":"Flegal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025030415070562100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.13.1549","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999\u20132004","volume":"295","author":"Ogden","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1379","article-title":"Tipping the scales: obese children and child safety seats","volume":"117","author":"Trifiletti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.019208","article-title":"Body mass index and injury risk among US children 9\u201315 years old in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"14","author":"Pollack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.029","article-title":"Injury patterns among obese children involved in motor vehicle collisions","volume":"44","author":"Haricharan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B30","first-page":"193","article-title":"The association of weight percentile and motor vehicle crash injury among 3 to 8 year old children","volume":"54","author":"Zonfrillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B31","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Seat Belt Use in 2009: Overall Results. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 100: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811100.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0333","article-title":"Hazardous use of car seats outside the car in the United States: 2003\u20132007","volume":"126","author":"Parikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0559","article-title":"Safe transportation of preterm and low birth weight infants at hospital discharge","volume":"123","author":"Bull","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.01.006","article-title":"Child restraint system use and misuse in six states","volume":"37","author":"Decina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00005483","article-title":"Childhood crash injury patterns associated with restraint misuse: implications for field triage","volume":"23","author":"Bulger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B36","first-page":"343","article-title":"Factors leading to crash fatalities to children in child restraints","volume":"47","author":"Sherwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(93)90026-S","article-title":"Misuse mode and effects analysis: an approach to predict and quantify misuse of child restraint systems","volume":"25","author":"Czernakowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80379-1","article-title":"Risk of hypoventilation in premature infants in car seats","volume":"109","author":"Willett","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80854-6","article-title":"Ventilatory changes in convalescent infants positioned in car seats","volume":"115","author":"Willett","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.647","article-title":"Respiratory instability of term and near-term healthy newborn infants in car safety seats","volume":"108","author":"Merchant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.6.1137","article-title":"Monitoring premature infants in car seats: implementing the American Academy of Pediatrics policy in a community hospital","volume":"91","author":"Bass","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B42","first-page":"73","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of child restraints and anchorage systems for an Australian car","volume":"48","author":"Charlton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B43","first-page":"303","article-title":"The performance of various rear facing child restraint systems in a frontal crash","volume":"48","author":"Sherwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580590931608","article-title":"Improved protection for children in forward-facing restraints during side impacts","volume":"6","author":"Bilston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.12.009","article-title":"Field use patterns and performance of child restraints secured by lower anchors and tethers for children (LATCH)","volume":"39","author":"Arbogast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2006.08.009","article-title":"Observed LATCH use and misuse characteristics of child restraint systems in seven states","volume":"38","author":"Decina","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"2025030415070562100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.988","article-title":"Transporting children with special health care needs","volume":"104","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B48","first-page":"316","article-title":"Trends and effects of child restraint systems based on Volvo's Swedish accident database","author":"Isaksson-Hellman","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B49","article-title":"Safety for the growing child: experiences from Swedish accident data [Abstr 05-0330]","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.015115","article-title":"Car safety seats for children: rear facing for best protection","volume":"13","author":"Henary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B51","volume-title":"An Evaluation of Child Passenger Safety: The Effectiveness and Benefits of Safety Seats","author":"Kahane","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B52","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Revised Estimates of Child Restraint Effectiveness. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1996. Available at: www.nhtsa.gov\/people\/ncsa\/pdf\/childest.pdf. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.1.65","article-title":"Effectiveness of child safety seats vs safety belts for children aged 2 to 3 years","volume":"161","author":"Zaloshnja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.1.158","article-title":"Evidence that seat belts are as effective as child safety seats in preventing death for children aged two and up","volume":"90","author":"Levitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B55","first-page":"12","article-title":"A propensity score approach to estimating child restraint effectiveness in preventing mortality","volume":"2","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Interface"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B56","volume-title":"Study of Older Child Restraint\/Booster Seat Fit and NASS Injury Analysis","author":"Klinich","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200112000-00021","article-title":"Seat belt syndrome in children: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Durbin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1956.01280060070015","article-title":"Intra-abdominal injury from safety belt in auto accident: report of a case","volume":"73","author":"Kulowski","year":"1956","journal-title":"AMA Arch Surg"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196205000-00002","article-title":"The seat belt syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Garrett","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B60","first-page":"42","article-title":"Analysis of booster seat and seat belt use: how many Wisconsin childhood deaths and hospitalizations could have been prevented in 1998\u20132002?","volume":"104","author":"Corden","year":"2005","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.021519","article-title":"The association between booster seat use and risk of death among motor vehicle occupants aged 4\u20138: a matched cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B62","first-page":"53","article-title":"Injury potential with misused child restraining systems","author":"Weber","year":"1983"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B63","first-page":"75","article-title":"Injuries to restrained children","volume":"38","author":"Henderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B64","first-page":"381","article-title":"Quantifying the relationship between vehicle interior geometry and child restraint systems","volume":"50","author":"Sherwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2005.0351","article-title":"Sled tests and CIREN data illustrating the benefits of booster seats","volume":"10","author":"Sherwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580903284180","article-title":"Making the most of the worst-case scenario: should belt-positioning booster seats be used in lap-belt-only seating positions?","volume":"10","author":"Kirley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B67","unstructured":"Kahane\u2008CJ\n          . Lives Saved by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Other Vehicle Safety Technologies, 1960\u20132002. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Evaluation Division; 2004. DOT HS 809 833. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/809833.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B68","first-page":"57","article-title":"Evaluation of pediatric use patterns and performance of lap shoulder belt systems in the center rear","volume":"48","author":"Arbogast","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00094-X","article-title":"Field relevance of a suite of rollover tests to real-world crashes and injuries","volume":"35","author":"Parenteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B70","unstructured":"Morgan\u2008C\n          . Effectiveness of Lap\/Shoulder Belts in the Back Outboard Seating Positions. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Evaluation Division, Plans and Policy; 1999. DOT HS 808 945. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/808945.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00013-P","article-title":"Risk factors for injury: similarities and differences for traffic crashes and other causes","volume":"27","author":"Chipman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B72","unstructured":"Kindelberger\u2008J, Starnes\u2008M. Moving Children From the Front Seat to the Back Seat: The Influence of Child Safety Campaigns. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2002. DOT HS 809 698: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/809-698.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000120046.09966.a8","article-title":"Factors associated with front row seating of children in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"15","author":"Durbin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1512","article-title":"Seating patterns and corresponding risk of injury among 0- to 3-year-old children in child safety seats","volume":"121","author":"Kallan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"2025030415070562100_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.831","article-title":"Effect of seating position and restraint use on injuries to children in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"105","author":"Berg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.09.024","article-title":"Rear seat safer: seating position, restraint use and injuries in children in traffic crashes in Victoria, Australia","volume":"40","author":"Lennon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B77","first-page":"61","article-title":"The effect of seating position on risk of injury for children in side impact collisions","volume":"45","author":"Durbin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025030415070562100_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.06.012","article-title":"Factors influencing pediatric injury severity score and Glasgow coma scale in pediatric automobile crashes: results from the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network","volume":"41","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.12.004","article-title":"The effect of seating location on the injury of properly restrained children in child safety seats","volume":"37","author":"Lund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"45","key":"2025030415070562100_B80","first-page":"845","article-title":"Air-bag-associated fatal injuries to infants and children riding in front passenger seats: United States","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.e2","article-title":"Airbag injuries in infants and children: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"102","author":"Huff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000121062","article-title":"Fatal air bag mediated craniocervical trauma in a child","volume":"24","author":"Willis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199611000-00033","article-title":"Severe head injury caused by airbag deployment","volume":"41","author":"Hollands","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"49","key":"2025030415070562100_B84","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Update: fatal air bag-related injuries to children\u2014United States, 1993\u20131996 [published correction appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(2):40]","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025030415070562100_B85","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Air bag-related deaths and serious injuries in children: injury patterns and imaging findings","volume":"19","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B86","article-title":"Airbags and children: results of a National Highway Traffic Administration special investigation into actual crashes","author":"Winston","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1767(97)90138-0","article-title":"Air bags: an update","volume":"23","author":"Mikhail","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199504000-00007","article-title":"Occult abdominal injuries to airbag-protected crash victims: a challenge to trauma systems","volume":"38","author":"Augenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025030415070562100_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00439.x","article-title":"A retrospective review of air bag deaths","volume":"6","author":"McKay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B90","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Driver and front seat passenger fatalities associated with air bag deployment. Part 2: a review of injury patterns and investigative issues","volume":"47","author":"Shkrum","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200103000-00009","article-title":"Ocular morbidity associated with airbag deployment: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Ball","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-01-0507","article-title":"Upper extremity fractures in restrained children exposed to passenger airbags","author":"Arbogast","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.10.005","article-title":"Breathing difficulty and tinnitus among children exposed to airbag deployment","volume":"39","author":"Mittal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B94","volume-title":"Fatality Reduction by Air Bags: Analysis of Accident Data Through Early 1996","author":"Kahane","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.4.3.181","article-title":"Seating positions and children's risk of dying in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"4","author":"Braver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030415070562100_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200209000-00007","article-title":"Air bags and passenger fatality according to passenger age and restraint use","volume":"13","author":"Cummings","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0555","article-title":"Effects of child age and body size on serious injury from passenger air-bag presence in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"115","author":"Newgard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2005.010306","article-title":"Passenger seating position and the risk of passenger death in traffic crashes: a matched cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B99","article-title":"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard and Regulation","volume-title":"Part 571, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Crashworthiness, No. 208","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj167","article-title":"Association of first- and second-generation air bags with front occupant death in car crashes: a matched cohort study","volume":"164","author":"Olson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B101","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effect of vehicle type on the performance of second generation air bags for child occupants","volume":"47","author":"Arbogast","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701722787","article-title":"Deaths among drivers and right-front passengers in frontal collisions: redesigned air bags relative to first-generation air bags","volume":"9","author":"Braver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B103","unstructured":"Kuppa\u2008S, Saunders\u2008J, Fessahaie\u2008O. Rear Seat Occupant Protection in Frontal Crashes. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2005. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/pdf\/esv\/esv19\/05-0212-O.pdf. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B104","unstructured":"Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Air bag deactivation. Available at: www.nhtsa.gov\/cars\/rules\/rulings\/deactnpr.n21.html. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B105","article-title":"The crash and field performance of side-mounted airbag systems","author":"Dalmotas"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B106","article-title":"Evaluation of injury risk from side impact air bags","author":"Prasad"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580601173875","article-title":"Efficacy of side air bags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side car and SUV collisions","volume":"8","author":"McCartt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B108","unstructured":"Kahane\u2008CJ\n          . An Evaluation of Side Impact Protection. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Evaluation Division; 2007. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/810748.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B109","first-page":"245","article-title":"The exposure of children to deploying side air bags: an initial field assessment","volume":"51","author":"Arbogast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B110","unstructured":"Kids and Cars. Home page. Available at: www.kidsandcars.org. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B111","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Not-in-Traffic Surveillance 2007: Highlights. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 085: Traffic Safety Facts, Crash Stats. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811085.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B112","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2009. EPA420-R-09-014. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; November 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/otaq\/cert\/mpg\/fetrends\/420r09014.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2011"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B113","first-page":"51","article-title":"Rear seating and risk of injury to child occupants by vehicle type","volume":"45","author":"Winston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450060058029","article-title":"Pediatric injuries in the back of pickup trucks","volume":"264","author":"Agran","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030415070562100_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00075-5","article-title":"Fatalities to occupants of cargo areas of pickup trucks","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B116","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. 14 CFR 135.128. Available at: www.carseat.org\/Legal\/FAA14cfr135.128.pdf. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B117","unstructured":"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213. 49 CFR 571.213. Available at: http:\/\/edocket.access.gpo.gov\/cfr_2004\/octqtr\/49cfr571.213.htm. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B118","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Authority. Child safety on airplanes. Available at: www.faa.gov\/passengers\/fly_children\/crs. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025030415070562100_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.10.969","article-title":"Effects and costs of requiring child-restraint systems for young children traveling on commercial airplanes","volume":"157","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B120","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. Analysis of Diversion to Automobile in Regard to the Disposition of Safety Recommendation A-95-51, Disposition of Safety Recommendation NTSB\/SR-A-95-51. Washington, DC: Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board; 2004. Available at: http:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/aviation\/sr_a-95-51_diversion_analysis.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025030415070562100_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.10.953","article-title":"Hearts and minds and child restraints in airplanes","volume":"157","author":"Bishai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B122","unstructured":"Expedia. Airline fee chart. Available at: www.expedia.com\/daily\/flights\/airline-fees.asp. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030415070562100_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0530","article-title":"Critical gaps in child passenger safety practices, surveillance, and legislation: Georgia, 2001","volume":"115","author":"Staunton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030415070562100_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.109","article-title":"Violators of a child passenger safety law","volume":"114","author":"Agran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B125","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Seat Belt Use in 2008: Demographic Results. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2009. DOT HS 811 183: Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Pubs\/811183.PDF. Accessed August 17, 2010"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00113-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws","volume":"16","author":"Rivara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00024-0","article-title":"A comparison of safety belt use between commercial and noncommercial light-vehicle occupants","volume":"34","author":"Eby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030415070562100_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00074-4","article-title":"Traffic safety and the switch to a primary seat belt law: the California experience","volume":"34","author":"Houston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025030415070562100_B129","first-page":"257","article-title":"Impact of primary laws on adult use of safety belts: United States, 2002","volume":"53","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030415070562100_B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.09.008","article-title":"Seat belt use among 13\u201315 year olds in primary and secondary enforcement law states","volume":"39","author":"Durbin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2025030415070562100_B131","unstructured":"National CPS Certification. Home page. Available at: www.safekids.org\/certification. Accessed August 17, 2010"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/e1050\/1056347\/zpe004110e1050.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/e1050\/1056347\/zpe004110e1050.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T15:44:09Z","timestamp":1741103049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/127\/4\/e1050\/65110\/Child-Passenger-Safety"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-0215","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]}}}