{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:27:40Z","timestamp":1793172460329,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine changes in parental labor force participation, hours of work, and annual earnings associated with childhood autism spectrum disorders (ASD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used the 2002\u20132008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to examine parental labor market outcomes of children with ASD relative to children with another health limitation and children without health limitations. A logit model was used to estimate parental labor force participation. A tobit model was used to estimate parental hours of work and earnings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>On average, mothers of children with ASD earn 35% ($7189) less than the mothers of children with another health limitation and 56% ($14\u2009755) less than the mothers of children with no health limitation. They are 6% less likely to be employed and work 7 hours less per week, on average, than mothers of children with no health limitation. There were no statistically significant differences in fathers\u2019 labor market outcomes across 3 groups. On average, children with ASD are 9% less likely to have both parents working. Family earnings of children with ASD are 21% ($10\u2009416) less than those of children with another health limitation and 28% ($17\u2009763) less than those of children with no health limitation. Family weekly hours of work are an average of 5 hours less than those of children with no health limitation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Families of children with ASD face significant economic burden. Given the substantial health care expenses associated with ASD, the economic impact of having lower income in addition to these expenses is substantial. It is essential to design universal health care and workplace policies that recognize the full impact of autism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]],"date-time":"2012-03-20T03:33:19Z","timestamp":1332214399000},"page":"617-623","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Implications of Childhood Autism for Parental Employment and Earnings"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Zuleyha","family":"Cidav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mental Health Policy & Services Research, Perelman School of Medicine and"},{"name":"Center for Autism Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity Research & Promotion, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"School of Social Policy & Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Mandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mental Health Policy & Services Research, Perelman School of Medicine and"},{"name":"Center for Autism Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0088-z","article-title":"Medicaid expenditures for children with autistic spectrum disorders: 1994 to 1999.","volume":"36","author":"Mandell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903552945600_B2","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Health care expenditures for children with autism spectrum disorders in Medicaid.","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.343","article-title":"The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of autism.","volume":"161","author":"Ganz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021120903552945600_B4","unstructured":"Consulting SE. Economic costs of autism spectrum disorders. 2007. Available at: www.synergies.com.au. Accessed October 10, 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025058711465","article-title":"Measuring the parental, service and cost impacts of children with autistic spectrum disorder: a pilot study.","volume":"33","author":"J\u00e4rbrink","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903552945600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361309104246","article-title":"Economic cost of autism in the UK.","volume":"13","author":"Knapp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"2021120903552945600_B7"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903552945600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0119-9","article-title":"Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: data from U.S. national samples.","volume":"36","author":"Liptak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0127","article-title":"A comparison of health care utilization and costs of children with and without autism spectrum disorders in a large group-model health plan.","volume":"118","author":"Croen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903552945600_B10","first-page":"302","article-title":"Financial and time costs to parents of severely disabled children.","volume":"107","author":"Leonard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903552945600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200102","article-title":"The personal costs of caring for a child with a disability: a review of the literature.","volume":"122","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903552945600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-007-9059-6","article-title":"Financial issues associated with having a child with autism.","volume":"28","author":"Sharpe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fam Econ Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903552945600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.891","article-title":"Decomposing the effects of children\u2019s health on mother\u2019s labor supply: is it time or money?","volume":"13","author":"Gould","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903552945600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1057","article-title":"A national profile of the health care experiences and family impact of autism spectrum disorder among children in the United States, 2005\u20132006.","volume":"122","author":"Kogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903552945600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3037","article-title":"Child care problems and employment among families with preschool-aged children with autism in the United States.","volume":"122","author":"Montes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1594","article-title":"Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income.","volume":"121","author":"Montes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B17","first-page":"373","article-title":"The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: a national health information resource.","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Inquiry-J Health Car"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/47.4.415","article-title":"Work-family fit: voices of parents of children with emotionl and behavioral disorders.","volume":"47","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903552945600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/51.3.223","article-title":"Financial well-being of young children with disabilities and their families.","volume":"51","author":"Parish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903552945600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/25.1.59","article-title":"The power to choose: supports for families caring for individuals with developmental disabilities.","volume":"25","author":"Freedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"2021120903552945600_B21"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903552945600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200610000-00002","article-title":"Characteristics of school-age children with autism.","volume":"27","author":"Montes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903552945600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020956313890","article-title":"Burden of illness.","volume":"4","author":"McGuire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2021120903552945600_B24"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/129\/4\/617\/1057181\/peds_2011-2700.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/129\/4\/617\/1057181\/peds_2011-2700.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T19:59:15Z","timestamp":1639079955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/129\/4\/617\/32384\/Implications-of-Childhood-Autism-for-Parental"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-2700","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]}}}