{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1789178685165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early neonatal mortality within the first 24 hours contributes substantially to overall neonatal mortality rates. The definition of birth asphyxia (BA) is imprecise, and reliable cause-specific mortality data are limited; thus the estimated proportion of BA-related deaths globally remains questionable. The objective was to determine the presumed causes of neonatal death within the first 24 hours in a rural hospital in Northern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a prospective descriptive observational study conducted in the delivery room and adjacent neonatal area. Research assistants were trained to observe and record events related to labor, neonatal resuscitation, and 24-hour postnatal course. BA was defined as failure to initiate spontaneous respirations and\/or 5-minute Apgar score &amp;lt;7, prematurity as gestational age &amp;lt;36 weeks, and low birth weight (LBW) as birth weight &amp;lt;3rd centile for gestational age. Data were analyzed with \u03c72 and Student\u2019s t tests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over 1 year, 4720 infants were born and evaluated. Of these, 256 were admitted to the neonatal area. Forty-nine infants died secondary to BA (61%), prematurity (18%), LBW (8%), infection (2%), congenital abnormalities (8%), and unclear reason (2%). The 5-minute Apgar score was \u22657 in 50% of the infants who died secondary to BA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most cases of early neonatal mortality were related to BA, and prematurity and LBW are additional important considerations. Reducing perinatal mortality requires a multifaceted approach with attention to issues related to BA, potential complications of prematurity, and LBW. The 5-minute Apgar score is a poor surrogate of BA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]],"date-time":"2012-04-17T00:32:20Z","timestamp":1334622740000},"page":"e1238-e1243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Birth Asphyxia: A Major Cause of Early Neonatal Mortality in a Tanzanian Rural Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Hege Langli","family":"Ersdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway;"},{"name":"Department of International Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estomih","family":"Mduma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erling","family":"Svensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9730","key":"2022051611282066500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60703-9","article-title":"Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970\u20132010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4.","volume":"375","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9730","key":"2022051611282066500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis.","volume":"375","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022051611282066500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001080","article-title":"Neonatal mortality levels for 193 countries in 2009 with trends since 1990: a systematic analysis of progress, projections, and priorities.","volume":"8","author":"Oestergaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9797","key":"2022051611282066500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61337-8","article-title":"Progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 on maternal and child mortality: an updated systematic analysis.","volume":"378","author":"Lozano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022051611282066500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathers CD, Boerma T, Fat DM. 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