{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:11:11Z","timestamp":1790932271012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is insufficient population-based data on group B streptococcus (GBS) late-onset disease (LOD). Risk factors and routes of GBS transmission are poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective, cohort study was conducted to collect incidence data on LOD and evaluate GBS infections over an 8-year period (2003\u20132010). Starting from January 2007, maternal rectovaginal and breast milk cultures were routinely collected on confirmation of the LOD diagnosis to assess maternal GBS culture status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence rate of LOD was 0.32 per 1000 live births (1.4 and 0.24 per 1000 live births for preterm and term newborns, respectively). The registered cases of LOD (n = 100) were classified as sepsis (n = 57), meningitis (n = 36), or focal infection (n = 7). Thirty neonates were preterm (2 had recurrent infection); 68 were term. Four infants died (3 early preterm, 1 term). At the time the LOD diagnosis was confirmed, 3 (6%) of 53 mothers had GBS mastitis, and 30 (64%) of 47 carried GBS at the rectovaginal site. Early (7\u201330 days) LOD presentation was associated with neonatal brain lesions or death (odds ratio: 0.96 [95% confidence interval: 0.93\u20130.99]). Intrapartum antibiotic exposure was significantly associated with mild (12 of 22) rather than severe (11 of 45; P = .03) LOD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm neonates had the highest rates of LOD and mortality. Most mothers carried GBS at the time of the LOD diagnosis, whereas 6% had mastitis. Intrapartum antibiotics were associated both with delayed presentation of symptoms and milder LOD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T23:12:31Z","timestamp":1357686751000},"page":"e361-e368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease: 2003\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Berardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2013Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2013Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Licia","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2013Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Creti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 per le Malattie Batteriche Sistemiche e Respiratorie, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Letizia","family":"Bacchi Reggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Bologna, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Pediatria e Neonatologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Scaletta, Imola, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Memo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Pediatria, Ospedale San Martino, Belluno, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Federica","family":"Pedna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Microbiologia, Area Vasta Romagna Pieve Sestina, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Venturelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro per la Valutazione dell\u2019Efficacia dell\u2019Assistenza Sanitaria CeVEAS, Azienda USL, Modena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Ciccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento materno Infantile, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Tridapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Clinico di Pediatria Preventiva e Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S Orsola, Bologna, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Piepoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Pediatria, Ospedale G da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Contiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Ospedale S. 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