{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:45:14Z","timestamp":1773287114393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although amphibians are known Salmonella carriers, no such outbreaks have been reported. We investigated a nationwide outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections occurring predominantly among children from 2008 to 2011.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were defined as persons with Salmonella Typhimurium infection yielding an isolate indistinguishable from the outbreak strain. Controls were persons with recent infection with Salmonella strains other than the outbreak strain and matched to cases by age and geography. Environmental samples were obtained from patients\u2019 homes; traceback investigations were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 376 cases from 44 states from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2011; 29% (56\/193) of patients were hospitalized and none died. Median patient age was 5 years (range &amp;lt;1\u201386 years); 69% were children &amp;lt;10 years old (253\/367). Among 114 patients interviewed, 69 (61%) reported frog exposure. Of patients who knew frog type, 79% (44\/56) reported African dwarf frogs (ADF), a type of aquatic frog. Among 18 cases and 29 controls, illness was significantly associated with frog exposure (67% cases versus 3% controls, matched odds ratio 12.4, 95% confidence interval 1.9\u2013infinity). Environmental samples from aquariums containing ADFs in 8 patients\u2019 homes, 2 ADF distributors, and a day care center yielded isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain. Traceback investigations of ADFs from patient purchases converged to a common ADF breeding facility. Environmental samples from the breeding facility yielded the outbreak strain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ADFs were the source of this nationwide pediatric predominant outbreak. Pediatricians should routinely inquire about pet ownership and advise families about illness risks associated with animals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,12]],"date-time":"2013-03-12T02:14:26Z","timestamp":1363054466000},"page":"724-731","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["US Outbreak of Human <i>Salmonella<\/i> Infections Associated With Aquatic Frogs, 2008\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Shauna L.","family":"Mettee Zarecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service,"},{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine Residency and Fellowship,"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service,"},{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Yaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madera County Environmental Health Department, Madera, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Lujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RN","family":"MPH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control Environmental Epidemiology Division, Public Health Nurse Consultant Office of Planning and Partnership, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Grand Junction, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marguerite","family":"Adams-Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Response Division, New Mexico Department of Health, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Winpisinger Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outbreak Response and BT Investigation Team, Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, Ohio; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Brenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Disease, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwen","family":"Biggerstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent R.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Sholtes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy Marie","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patti C.","family":"Lafon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Barton Behravesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir V.","family":"Sodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases,"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps"},{"name":"Global Immunization Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Salmonella Typhimurium Outbreak Investigation Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120903261975700_B1","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens.","author":"Scallan","year":"2011;17(1):7\u201315","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120903261975700_B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2011: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV).","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2021120903261975700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S253","DOI":"10.1086\/381594","article-title":"Reptiles, amphibians, and human Salmonella infection: a population-based, case-control study.","volume":"38","author":"Mermin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903261975700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.33.5.1026-1029.1977","article-title":"Small pet aquarium frogs as a source of Salmonella.","volume":"33","author":"Bartlett","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021120903261975700_B5","first-page":"649","article-title":"Turtle-associated salmonellosis in humans\u2014United States, 2006\u20132007.","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903261975700_B6","first-page":"69","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella infections associated with exposure to turtles\u2014United States, 2007\u20132008.","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903261975700_B7","first-page":"391","article-title":"Foodborne disease trends and reports.","volume":"4","author":"Gerner-Smidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903261975700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.7.1036","article-title":"Risk behaviors for disease transmission among petting zoo attendees.","volume":"231","author":"McMillian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903261975700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.96.4.90","article-title":"Salmonella excretion by terrapins and the associated hazard to human health.","volume":"96","author":"Clegg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903261975700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115652","article-title":"Pet turtles: a continuing international threat to public health.","volume":"132","author":"D\u2019Aoust","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903261975700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300380027016","article-title":"Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States. effect of public health action, 1970 to 1976.","volume":"243","author":"Cohen","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903261975700_B12","first-page":"223","article-title":"Salmonellosis associated with pet turtles\u2014Wisconsin and Wyoming, 2004.","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903261975700_B13","first-page":"1844","article-title":"Provides reasons for upholding ban on sale of turtle hatchlings.","volume":"233","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903261975700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0272","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections associated with small turtle exposure, 2007\u20132008.","volume":"124","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903261975700_B15","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigation update: multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Altona and Salmonella Johannesburg infections linked to chicks and ducklings. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/altona-baby-chicks\/100611\/index.html. Accessed June 1, 2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903261975700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3273","article-title":"Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog and cat food, 2006\u20132008.","volume":"126","author":"Behravesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903261975700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1942","article-title":"Exposure to nontraditional pets at home and to animals in public settings: risks to children.","volume":"122","author":"Pickering","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903261975700_B18","unstructured":"CDC. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Healthy Pets Healthy People: Posters. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/healthypets\/resources\/posters.htm. Accessed June 1, 2012"},{"key":"2021120903261975700_B19","unstructured":"CDC. Investigation update: ongoing outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections associated with African dwarf frogs. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/water-frogs-0411\/index.html. Accessed June 10, 2012"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021120903261975700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111818","article-title":"Outbreak of salmonellosis linked to live poultry from a mail-order hatchery.","volume":"366","author":"Gaffga","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/4\/724\/1098755\/peds_2012-2031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/4\/724\/1098755\/peds_2012-2031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T18:10:07Z","timestamp":1639073407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/131\/4\/724\/31899\/US-Outbreak-of-Human-Salmonella-Infections"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-2031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]}}}