{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:46:39Z","timestamp":1775655999830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drug misuse in pregnancy is associated with impaired infant visual development. Pilot data showed abnormal flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in neonates exposed to methadone in utero, but results were confounded by intrauterine growth restriction, gestation, and ongoing drug misuse. This large cohort study aimed to clarify the effects on neonatal flash VEPs of maternal drug misuse in pregnancy, including prescription of substitute methadone and subsequent development of neonatal abstinence syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a prospective cohort study. Flash VEPs were recorded within 3 days of birth from 100 healthy infants of drug-misusing mothers prescribed substitute methadone during pregnancy and 50 comparison infants matched for birth weight, gestation, and socioeconomic deprivation. VEP morphology was classified as mature, typical, or immature, and amplitudes and implicit times of the major waveform components measured. Drug exposure was determined by maternal history, maternal and infant urine, and meconium toxicology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>VEPs from maternal drug-exposed infants were more likely to be of immature waveform (P &amp;lt; .001) and were smaller in overall amplitude (median 27 \u00b5V vs 39 \u00b5V, P &amp;lt; .001) compared with non\u2013drug-exposed infants. Most infants were exposed to illicit drugs in addition to prescribed methadone; differences in VEP parameters were independently associated with maternal prescribed methadone and persisted after correcting for birth weight, cigarette smoking, and excess in utero alcohol exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In utero exposure to prescribed substitute methadone is associated with altered flash VEPs in the newborn period and these infants may warrant early clinical visual assessment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T13:03:39Z","timestamp":1361279019000},"page":"e857-e863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Neonatal Visual Evoked Potentials in Infants Born to Mothers Prescribed Methadone"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"McGlone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Royal Maternity, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physics, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphne L.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Boulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Royal Maternity, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Bradnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physics, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence T.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Mactier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Royal Maternity, Glasgow, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120900363716200_B1"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900363716200_B2","first-page":"CD002209","article-title":"Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence.","author":"Mattick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900363716200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01651.x","article-title":"Methadone in pregnancy: treatment retention and neonatal outcomes.","volume":"102","author":"Burns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900363716200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2005.00510.x","article-title":"Methadone maintenance program in pregnancy in a Swiss perinatal center (II): neonatal outcome and social resources.","volume":"84","author":"Arlettaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900363716200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F457","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.181057","article-title":"The management of heroin misuse in pregnancy: time for a rethink?","volume":"96","author":"Mactier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120900363716200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.02073.x","article-title":"Maternal methadone use in pregnancy: factors associated with the development of neonatal abstinence syndrome and implications for healthcare resources.","volume":"116","author":"Dryden","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900363716200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00561.x","article-title":"Strabismus in infants of opiate-dependent mothers.","volume":"92","author":"Gill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2021120900363716200_B8","volume-title":"Substance Misuse Research\u2014Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. 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