{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:19:57Z","timestamp":1787941197810,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infant mortality rates (IMR) and neonatal mortality rates (NMR) in the United States have not decreased recently. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of birth weight and gestational age subgroups to the IMR and NMR in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the most recent (1983\u20132005) US linked birth and infant death data and simple regression analysis to determine the contributions of specific birth weight and gestational age subgroups to trends in IMR and NMR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>IMR and NMR decreased between 1983 and 2005 for all birth weight and gestational age subgroups. There was an increase in births of very low birth weight infants from 1.2% to 1.5% (P &amp;lt; .001) over this period. The proportion of very low birth weight\u2013infant deaths increased from 42.9% to 54.8%, resulting in recent nonsignificant declines in IMR and NMR. The proportion of live-birth infants &amp;lt;500 g increased from 0.12% to 0.18% (P &amp;lt; .001). The adjusted IMR and NMR over time (excluding infants &amp;lt;500 g) have steeper declining trends than the ones including infants &amp;lt;500 g. The changes in overall IMR and NMR in recent years (2000\u20132005) are not statistically significant. However, the adjusted IMR and NMR trends during this time are highly significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increased proportions of infants &amp;lt;500 g and other low birth weight infants contribute greatly to the lack of a decrease in IMR and NMR from 2000 to 2005, although birth weight\u2013 and gestational age\u2013specific IMR and NMR continue to decrease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]],"date-time":"2013-04-02T00:29:16Z","timestamp":1364862556000},"page":"855-860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Extremely Low Birth Weight and Infant Mortality Rates in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Carissa","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children\u2019s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namasivayam","family":"Ambalavanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children\u2019s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hrishikesh","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha S.","family":"Wingate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar A.","family":"Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children\u2019s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900084585300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3175","article-title":"Annual summary of vital statistics: 2008.","volume":"127","author":"Mathews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900084585300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.38.6.1063","article-title":"Annual summary of vital statistics\u20141965.","volume":"38","author":"Wegman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900084585300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.3.583","article-title":"International rankings of infant mortality and the United States\u2019 vital statistics natality data collecting system\u2014failure and success.","volume":"24","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900084585300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.6.1241","article-title":"Annual summary of vital statistics: 2000.","volume":"108","author":"Hoyert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021120900084585300_B5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Behind international rankings of infant mortality: how the United States compares with Europe.","author":"MacDorman","year":"2009","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"2021120900084585300_B6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cohort linked birth\u2013infant death data files. 1983\u20132005. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data_access\/Vitalstatsonline.htm. Accessed August 9, 2012"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120900084585300_B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent trends in infant mortality in the United States.","author":"MacDorman","year":"2008","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120900084585300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.8.1236","article-title":"Perinatal mortality and its relationship to the reporting of low-birthweight infants.","volume":"88","author":"Phelan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"36","key":"2021120900084585300_B9","first-page":"862","article-title":"Increasing infant mortality among very low birthweight infants\u2014Delaware, 1994-2000.","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120900084585300_B10","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Recent trends in Canadian infant mortality rates: effect of changes in registration of live newborns weighing less than 500 g.","volume":"155","author":"Joseph","year":"1996","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2021120900084585300_B11","first-page":"49","article-title":"Infant deaths - United States, 2000-2007.","volume":"60","author":"MacDorman","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900084585300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-010-0566-y","article-title":"Variation by state in outcomes classification for deliveries less than 500 g in the United States.","volume":"15","author":"Ehrenthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120900084585300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0860","article-title":"The contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States.","volume":"118","author":"Callaghan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120900084585300_B14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infant mortality statistics from the 2007 period linked birth\/infant death data set.","volume":"59(6)","author":"Mathews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900084585300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.10.031","article-title":"Rising preterm birth rates, 1989-2004: changing demographics or changing obstetric practice?","volume":"74","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900084585300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3232","article-title":"Delivery indications at late-preterm gestations and infant mortality rates in the United States.","volume":"124","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120900084585300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e746","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e746","article-title":"Influence of definition based versus pragmatic birth registration on international comparisons of perinatal and infant mortality: population based retrospective study.","volume":"344","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900084585300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3435","article-title":"Annual summary of vital statistics: 2009.","volume":"129","author":"Kochanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/5\/855\/1090808\/peds_2012-2471.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/5\/855\/1090808\/peds_2012-2471.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T20:09:06Z","timestamp":1644696546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/131\/5\/855\/31244\/Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight-and-Infant-Mortality"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-2471","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}}}