{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:01:51Z","timestamp":1792479711499,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examines the relationships between the dose, pattern, and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure and achievement in reading, writing, spelling, and numeracy in children aged 8 to 9 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from a randomly selected, population-based birth cohort of infants born to non-Indigenous women in Western Australia between 1995 and 1997 (n = 4714) (Randomly Ascertained Sample of Children born in Australia\u2019s Largest State Study cohort) were linked to the Western Australian Midwives\u2019 Notification System and the Western Australian Literacy and Numeracy Assessment statewide education testing program. The records for 86% (n = 4056) of the cohort were successfully linked with education records when the children were aged 8 to 9 years. The associations between prenatal alcohol exposure and achievement of national benchmarks in school numeracy, reading, spelling, and writing tests and nonattendance for the tests was examined. Logistic regression was used to generate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for potential confounding factors. The referent group included children of mothers who previously drank alcohol but who abstained during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children were twice as likely not to achieve the benchmark for reading after heavy prenatal alcohol exposure during the first trimester (aOR 2.26; 95% CI 1.10\u20134.65) and for writing when exposed to occasional binge drinking in late pregnancy (aOR 2.35; 95% CI 1.04\u20135.43). Low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure was not associated with academic underachievement.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The type of learning problems expressed depends on the dose, pattern, and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T00:28:27Z","timestamp":1373329707000},"page":"e468-e475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Educational Achievement in Children Aged 8\u20139 Years"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;"},{"name":"Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cate","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Zubrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia;"},{"name":"Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Kurinczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia;"},{"name":"Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120900131247700_B1"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900131247700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj029","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and ability, academic achievement, and school functioning in adolescence: a longitudinal follow-up.","volume":"31","author":"Howell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900131247700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708081368","article-title":"Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal volume, verbal learning, and verbal and spatial recall in late childhood.","volume":"14","author":"Willoughby","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900131247700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.011","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and attention, learning and intellectual ability at 14 years: a prospective longitudinal study.","volume":"83","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900131247700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000117868.97486.2D","article-title":"Verbal and visuospatial learning and memory function in children with moderate prenatal alcohol exposure.","volume":"28","author":"Willford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900131247700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03651.x","article-title":"A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol.","volume":"22","author":"Mattson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120900131247700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05256.x","article-title":"Verbal learning and memory in children with fetal alcohol syndrome.","volume":"20","author":"Mattson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900131247700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102142","article-title":"Classifying children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure using measures of attention.","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900131247700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00904.x","article-title":"Maternal drinking during pregnancy: attention and short-term memory in 14-year-old offspring\u2014a longitudinal prospective study.","volume":"18","author":"Streissguth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900131247700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000821","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to alcohol and school problems in late childhood: A longitudinal prospective study.","volume":"4","author":"Olson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900131247700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00009.x","article-title":"Drinking during pregnancy decreases word attack and arithmetic scores on standardized tests: adolescent data from a population-based prospective study.","volume":"18","author":"Streissguth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120900131247700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90084-A","article-title":"Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. 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