{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:35:55Z","timestamp":1786728955526,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Varicella vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1995 for individuals \u226512 months of age. A second dose was recommended in the United States in June 2006. Varicella incidence and vaccine effectiveness were assessed in a 14-year prospective study conducted at Kaiser Permanente Northern California.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 7585 children vaccinated with varicella vaccine in their second year of life in 1995 were followed up prospectively for breakthrough varicella and herpes zoster (HZ) through 2009. A total of 2826 of these children received a second dose in 2006\u20132009. Incidences of varicella and HZ were estimated and compared with prevaccine era rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this cohort of vaccinated children, the average incidence of varicella was 15.9 per 1000 person-years, nine- to tenfold lower than in the prevaccine era. Vaccine effectiveness at the end of the study period was 90%, with no indication of waning over time. Most cases of varicella were mild and occurred early after vaccination. No child developed varicella after a second dose. HZ cases were mild, and rates were lower in the cohort of vaccinated children than in unvaccinated children during the prevaccine era (relative risk: 0.61 [95% confidence interval: 0.43\u20130.89]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study confirmed that varicella vaccine is effective at preventing chicken pox, with no waning noted over a 14-year period. One dose provided excellent protection against moderate to severe disease, and most cases occurred shortly after the cohort was vaccinated. The study data also suggest that varicella vaccination may reduce the risks of HZ in vaccinated children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]],"date-time":"2013-04-02T00:29:16Z","timestamp":1364862556000},"page":"e1389-e1396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Long-term Effectiveness of Varicella Vaccine: A 14-Year, Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Baxter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung N.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Department, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry R.","family":"Shinefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Coplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue Pharma, Stamford, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Fireman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Saddier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Department, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900113980500_B1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Development of a live attenuated varicella vaccine.","volume":"18","author":"Takahashi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biken J"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120900113980500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200210000-00009","article-title":"Hospitalizations for varicella in the United States, 1988 to 1999.","volume":"21","author":"Galil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900113980500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1086\/315714","article-title":"Varicella mortality: trends before vaccine licensure in the United States, 1970-1994.","volume":"182","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900113980500_B5","first-page":"750","article-title":"Age-specific incidence of chickenpox.","volume":"109","author":"Finger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B6"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B7"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1086\/522156","article-title":"Changing varicella epidemiology in active surveillance sites\u2014United States, 1995-2005.","volume":"197","author":"Guris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021120900113980500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405313102201","article-title":"Live attenuated varicella virus vaccine. Efficacy trial in healthy children.","volume":"310","author":"Weibel","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1086\/522145","article-title":"Varicella vaccine effectiveness in the US vaccination program: a review.","volume":"197","author":"Seward","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900113980500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000109287.97518.67","article-title":"Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine.","volume":"23","author":"Kuter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900113980500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2085","article-title":"One dose of varicella vaccine does not prevent school outbreaks: is it time for a second dose?","volume":"117","author":"Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120900113980500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064040","article-title":"Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time.","volume":"356","author":"Chaves","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900113980500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/422041","article-title":"An elementary school outbreak of varicella attributed to vaccine failure: policy implications.","volume":"190","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).","volume":"56","author":"Marin","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120900113980500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq081","article-title":"Impact of 2-dose vaccination on varicella epidemiology: Connecticut\u20142005-2008.","volume":"203","author":"Kattan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900113980500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq052","article-title":"Effectiveness of 2 doses of varicella vaccine in children.","volume":"203","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120900113980500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1086\/430325","article-title":"Incidence of herpes zoster, before and after varicella-vaccination-associated decreases in the incidence of varicella, 1992-2002.","volume":"191","author":"Jumaan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120900113980500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181a90b16","article-title":"The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination.","volume":"28","author":"Civen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"2021120900113980500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00180-9","article-title":"Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpes-zoster: implications for mass vaccination against chickenpox.","volume":"20","author":"Brisson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9334","key":"2021120900113980500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09837-9","article-title":"Contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case-control study.","volume":"360","author":"Thomas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900113980500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800004714","article-title":"Modelling the impact of immunization on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus.","volume":"125","author":"Brisson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900113980500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2005.tb00248.x","article-title":"Modelling the impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus in Australia.","volume":"29","author":"Gidding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B24","volume-title":"Similarity of the Adult Kaiser Permanente Membership in Northern California to the Insured and General Population in Northern California: Statistics from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey","author":"Gordon","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120900113980500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.5.703","article-title":"Overcoming the absence of socioeconomic data in medical records: validation and application of a census-based methodology.","volume":"82","author":"Krieger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B26","volume-title":"Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program","author":"Selby","year":"2005","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120900113980500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.3.706","article-title":"The epidemiology of varicella and its complications.","volume":"172","author":"Choo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120900113980500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)80019-4","article-title":"Community impact of childhood varicella infections.","volume":"130","author":"Yawn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120900113980500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00002","article-title":"Incidence and hospitalization rates of varicella and herpes zoster before varicella vaccine introduction: a baseline assessment of the shifting epidemiology of varicella disease.","volume":"20","author":"Coplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120900113980500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.116051","article-title":"Childhood vaccination against varicella: persistence of antibody, duration of protection, and vaccine efficacy.","volume":"139","author":"Vessey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900113980500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200301000-00024","article-title":"The incidence of varicella: correction of a common error.","volume":"14","author":"Nicolosi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B32","first-page":"9","article-title":"The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis.","volume":"58","author":"Hope-Simpson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120900113980500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199912000-00003","article-title":"Postmarketing evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of varicella vaccine.","volume":"18","author":"Black","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120900113980500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00031-09","article-title":"Impact of varicella vaccine on varicella-zoster virus dynamics.","volume":"23","author":"Schmid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"35","key":"2021120900113980500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.35.19321-en","article-title":"Universal varicella vaccination in the Sicilian paediatric population: rapid uptake of the vaccination programme and morbidity trends over five years.","volume":"14","author":"Giammanco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120900113980500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81618-X","article-title":"Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy children.","volume":"116","author":"Balfour","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1086\/522150","article-title":"Varicella disease among vaccinated persons: clinical and epidemiological characteristics, 1997-2005.","volume":"197","author":"Chaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120900113980500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1086\/514275","article-title":"Cost of varicella in France: a study in day care centers.","volume":"178","author":"Saddier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120900113980500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198209000-00003","article-title":"Population-based study of herpes zoster and its sequelae.","volume":"61","author":"Ragozzino","year":"1982","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120900113980500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807007893","article-title":"Secular trends in the epidemiology of shingles in Alberta.","volume":"135","author":"Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/5\/e1389\/1091481\/peds_2012-3303.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/5\/e1389\/1091481\/peds_2012-3303.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T05:43:34Z","timestamp":1639028614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/131\/5\/e1389\/31311\/Long-term-Effectiveness-of-Varicella-Vaccine-A-14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-3303","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}}}